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M9 > 9.2 > Flashcards

9.2 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the basic structure of the human eye similar to a camera?

A

It has an aperture (iris), a lens and a light- sensitive surface ( retina)

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2
Q

What is the primary function of the cornea?

A

It allows light to enter and provides 70-80% of the eyes focusing ability.

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3
Q

What roles does the iris play in vision?

A

The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

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4
Q

How does the lens adjust focus?

A

Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens.

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5
Q

What are the two types of light-sensitive cells in the retina?

A

Cones and rods.

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6
Q

What is the Fovea?

A

The central area of the retina made up entirely of cone receptors, responsible for sharp central vision.

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7
Q

How do rods and cones respond to changes in light?

A

In low light, rods take over from cones, which is why we see in black, white and shades of grey.

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8
Q

What is a blind spot in the eye?

A

It is the area where the optic nerve connects to the retina, where no visual information is received.

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9
Q

What is visual acuity?

A

Eyes ability to perceive sharp detail at varying distances, often assessed using a snellen chart.

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10
Q

How is visual acuity measured?

A

A person with 20/20 vision can see an object at 20 feet.

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11
Q

Hypermetropia?

A

Caused by a shorter eyeball; nearby object appear blurred.

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12
Q

Myopia?

A

Caused by a longer eyeball; distant object appear blurred.

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13
Q

Cataracts?

A

Clouding of the lens, often due to ageing.

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14
Q

Astigmatism?

A

Misshapen cornea distorts vision.

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15
Q

Glaucoma?

A

Pressure buildup in the eye damages the optic nerve.

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16
Q

Presbyopia?

A

Age related loss of lens flexibility; difficulty focusing on close object.

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17
Q

Fatigue?

A

Temporality affects accommodation, leading to blurred vision.

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18
Q

Why is good colour vision important for aircraft maintenance engineers?

A

Recognising components/ distinguishing between wires/ using diagnostic tools/ recognising warning lights on the airfield.

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19
Q

What percentage of men is affect by vision deficiency?

A

Men 8% women 0.8%

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20
Q

How does ageing affect the colour vision?

A

Ageing can lead to yellowing of the lens.

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21
Q

What does CAP 562 leaflet H60 state about eyesight?

A

Engineers need a reasonable standard of eye sight to perform duties.

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22
Q

What are the main two functions of the ear?

A

Detecting sounds by receiving air vibrations. Monitoring balance and sensing acceleration.

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23
Q

What are the three divisions of the ear?

A

Outer ear/ middle ear/ inner ear.

24
Q

What is the role out the outer ear?

A

Directs sounds along the auditory canal to the eardrum.

25
Q

How does the middle ear transmit sound?

A

Transmits vibrations from the eardrum t through three small bones to the inner ear fluid.

26
Q

What are the three bones in the ear?

A

Hammer/ anvil/ stirrup

27
Q

What is the safe dB level?

A

80

28
Q

Negative effects of noise in the workplace?

A

Noise can annoy others, interfere with communication, mask warning signals, cause fatigue and damage hearing.

29
Q

Legal rights regarding workplace noise?

A

Have the right to work without exposure to dangerous noise levels.

30
Q

What happens if exposure limit values for noise are exceeded?

A

Work must cease until the solution is implemented to reduce noise exposure levels.

31
Q

How much noise reduction do ear plugs and ear defenders provide?

A

Ear plugs reduce noise by up to 20dB while ear defenders reduce noise up to 40dB.

32
Q

When is hearing protection l required?

A

For noises above 115dB

33
Q

What are the four main steps of info processing?

A

Receiving info through the senses/ analysing info/ deriving meaning from the info/ storing info.

34
Q

What factors can influence how individuals interpret information?

A

Past experiences/ cultural background/ emotional state/ attention and focus

35
Q

Why might info be forgotten over time?

A

If info is not reinforced, the brain may not retain it.

36
Q

What are sensory receptor?

A

Are specialised cells that receive physical stimuli such as light and sound.

37
Q

What is iconic memory?

A

Hold visual info for a brief period, allows extractions of short term memory.

38
Q

What is echoic memory?

A

Sensory memory that registers auditory info, Storing sounds temporarily so they can be processed and understood.

39
Q

What is attention?

A

Cognitive processes that allocated mental resources to focus on specific info or stimuli from the environment.

40
Q

Name the different forms of attention?

A

Selective attention/ divided attention/ focused attention/ sustained attention.

41
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Involves monitoring multiple sources of input but focusing on those that are deemed more important.

42
Q

What is divided attention?

A

Ability to engage in multiple tasks or processes simultaneously, common in many work situations.

43
Q

What is focused attention?

A

Attention toward a single source while avoiding distractions.

44
Q

Sustained attention?

A

Capacity to maintain l concentration and alterness on a single task over extended periods.

45
Q

What is perception?

A

Is the process of organising and interpreting sensory data to create meaningful info while discarding irrelevant data.

46
Q

What is memory?

A

An info processing system used to encode, store, and retrieve info over different periods.

47
Q

What are the key processes of memory?

A

Encoding/ storage/ retrieval.

48
Q

What is encoding?

A

Is the processes of interaction putting info into the memory system.

49
Q

What is storage in memory?

A

Is the retention of encoded info, creating a permanent record.

50
Q

What are the stages of storage??

A

Sensory/ short-term/ long-term

51
Q

What is sensory memory?

A

Consists of brief sensory events, lasting up to a couple of seconds.

52
Q

What is short-term memory?

A

Temporarily stores memory.

53
Q

What is retrieval memory?

A

Process of accessing info from memory storage and bringing it into the conscious awareness to aid decision-making.

54
Q

What is situation awareness?

A

Awareness of surrounding.

55
Q

What is claustrophobia?

A

Fear of enclosed spaces.

56
Q

Acrophobia?

A

Fear of heights.

M9 (7 decks)

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