9.2

Question 1

How is the basic structure of the human eye similar to a camera?

Answer 1

It has an aperture (iris), a lens and a light- sensitive surface ( retina)

Question 2

What is the primary function of the cornea?

Answer 2

It allows light to enter and provides 70-80% of the eyes focusing ability.

Question 3

What roles does the iris play in vision?

Answer 3

The iris controls the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

Question 4

How does the lens adjust focus?

Answer 4

Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens.

Question 5

What are the two types of light-sensitive cells in the retina?

Answer 5

Cones and rods.

Question 6

What is the Fovea?

Answer 6

The central area of the retina made up entirely of cone receptors, responsible for sharp central vision.

Question 7

How do rods and cones respond to changes in light?

Answer 7

In low light, rods take over from cones, which is why we see in black, white and shades of grey.

Question 8

What is a blind spot in the eye?

Answer 8

It is the area where the optic nerve connects to the retina, where no visual information is received.

Question 9

What is visual acuity?

Answer 9

Eyes ability to perceive sharp detail at varying distances, often assessed using a snellen chart.

Question 10

How is visual acuity measured?

Answer 10

A person with 20/20 vision can see an object at 20 feet.

Question 11

Hypermetropia?

Answer 11

Caused by a shorter eyeball; nearby object appear blurred.

Question 12

Myopia?

Answer 12

Caused by a longer eyeball; distant object appear blurred.

Question 13

Cataracts?

Answer 13

Clouding of the lens, often due to ageing.

Question 14

Astigmatism?

Answer 14

Misshapen cornea distorts vision.

Question 15

Glaucoma?

Answer 15

Pressure buildup in the eye damages the optic nerve.

Question 16

Presbyopia?

Answer 16

Age related loss of lens flexibility; difficulty focusing on close object.

Question 17

Fatigue?

Answer 17

Temporality affects accommodation, leading to blurred vision.

Question 18

Why is good colour vision important for aircraft maintenance engineers?

Answer 18

Recognising components/ distinguishing between wires/ using diagnostic tools/ recognising warning lights on the airfield.

Question 19

What percentage of men is affect by vision deficiency?

Answer 19

Men 8% women 0.8%

Question 20

How does ageing affect the colour vision?

Answer 20

Ageing can lead to yellowing of the lens.

Question 21

What does CAP 562 leaflet H60 state about eyesight?

Answer 21

Engineers need a reasonable standard of eye sight to perform duties.

Question 22

What are the main two functions of the ear?

Answer 22

Detecting sounds by receiving air vibrations. Monitoring balance and sensing acceleration.

Question 23

What are the three divisions of the ear?

Answer 23

Outer ear/ middle ear/ inner ear.

Question 24

What is the role out the outer ear?

Answer 24

Directs sounds along the auditory canal to the eardrum.

Question 25

How does the middle ear transmit sound?

Answer 25

Transmits vibrations from the eardrum t through three small bones to the inner ear fluid.

Question 26

What are the three bones in the ear?

Answer 26

Hammer/ anvil/ stirrup

Question 27

What is the safe dB level?

Answer 27

80

Question 28

Negative effects of noise in the workplace?

Answer 28

Noise can annoy others, interfere with communication, mask warning signals, cause fatigue and damage hearing.

Question 29

Legal rights regarding workplace noise?

Answer 29

Have the right to work without exposure to dangerous noise levels.

Question 30

What happens if exposure limit values for noise are exceeded?

Answer 30

Work must cease until the solution is implemented to reduce noise exposure levels.

Question 31

How much noise reduction do ear plugs and ear defenders provide?

Answer 31

Ear plugs reduce noise by up to 20dB while ear defenders reduce noise up to 40dB.

Question 32

When is hearing protection l required?

Answer 32

For noises above 115dB

Question 33

What are the four main steps of info processing?

Answer 33

Receiving info through the senses/ analysing info/ deriving meaning from the info/ storing info.

Question 34

What factors can influence how individuals interpret information?

Answer 34

Past experiences/ cultural background/ emotional state/ attention and focus

Question 35

Why might info be forgotten over time?

Answer 35

If info is not reinforced, the brain may not retain it.

Question 36

What are sensory receptor?

Answer 36

Are specialised cells that receive physical stimuli such as light and sound.

Question 37

What is iconic memory?

Answer 37

Hold visual info for a brief period, allows extractions of short term memory.

Question 38

What is echoic memory?

Answer 38

Sensory memory that registers auditory info, Storing sounds temporarily so they can be processed and understood.

Question 39

What is attention?

Answer 39

Cognitive processes that allocated mental resources to focus on specific info or stimuli from the environment.

Question 40

Name the different forms of attention?

Answer 40

Selective attention/ divided attention/ focused attention/ sustained attention.

Question 41

What is selective attention?

Answer 41

Involves monitoring multiple sources of input but focusing on those that are deemed more important.

Question 42

What is divided attention?

Answer 42

Ability to engage in multiple tasks or processes simultaneously, common in many work situations.

Question 43

What is focused attention?

Answer 43

Attention toward a single source while avoiding distractions.

Question 44

Sustained attention?

Answer 44

Capacity to maintain l concentration and alterness on a single task over extended periods.

Question 45

What is perception?

Answer 45

Is the process of organising and interpreting sensory data to create meaningful info while discarding irrelevant data.

Question 46

What is memory?

Answer 46

An info processing system used to encode, store, and retrieve info over different periods.

Question 47

What are the key processes of memory?

Answer 47

Encoding/ storage/ retrieval.

Question 48

What is encoding?

Answer 48

Is the processes of interaction putting info into the memory system.

Question 49

What is storage in memory?

Answer 49

Is the retention of encoded info, creating a permanent record.

Question 50

What are the stages of storage??

Answer 50

Sensory/ short-term/ long-term

Question 51

What is sensory memory?

Answer 51

Consists of brief sensory events, lasting up to a couple of seconds.

Question 52

What is short-term memory?

Answer 52

Temporarily stores memory.

Question 53

What is retrieval memory?

Answer 53

Process of accessing info from memory storage and bringing it into the conscious awareness to aid decision-making.

Question 54

What is situation awareness?

Answer 54

Awareness of surrounding.

Question 55

What is claustrophobia?

Answer 55

Fear of enclosed spaces.

Question 56

Acrophobia?

Answer 56

Fear of heights.