92-121 Flashcards

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1
Q

non specific human defences e.g (4)

A

nose, skin, cilia and mucus

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2
Q

3 things wbc uses to defend humans from pathogens

A

phagocytosis, antitoxin production, antibody production

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3
Q

stages of phagocytosis (4)

A
  • microbe enters the body and the white blood cell detects it as alien
  • the white blood cell attaches to the microbe in response
  • wbc engulfes microbe
    -wbc digests the microbe using harmful enzymes
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4
Q

vaccines contain…

A

dead or weakened pathogens

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5
Q

how does vaccines prevent illness

A

creating a quicker immune reponse to pathogens

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6
Q

what cant painkillers do

A

kill pathogens

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7
Q

what can antibiotics kill

A

bacteria

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8
Q

what can not antibiotics kill
why

A

viruses - inside cells meaning the cell will have to die or get damaged to access the viruses

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9
Q

where does digitalis come from

A

foxglove

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10
Q

where does aspirin come from

A

willow trees

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11
Q

where does penicillin come from

A

penicillium mould

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12
Q

preclinical testing

A

done in labs with cells, tissues and animals

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13
Q

clinical testing

A

done on healthy volunteers and then patients

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14
Q

what is used in clinical trials to reduce bias

A

placebo drugs - no effect but look identical to the real one

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15
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies produced from

A

single cell clone

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16
Q

monoclonal antibody adaptation

A

only bind to one shape of antigen so can target chemicals and or cells in the body

17
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies made

A

mouse lymphocytes and tumours to create hybridoma cells

18
Q

why are hybridoma cells cloned

A

produce same antibody to be collected and purified

19
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies (3)

A

pregnancy tests, locating specific cells or tissues and cancer treatment

20
Q

plant defence systems (8)
(in leaves 2)
(in general 6)

A
  • thick cell walls and waxy cuticles
  • bacterial chemicals, poison to deter herbivores leaves that droop, thorns, mimicry, hairs
21
Q

ways to detect disease in plants (6)

A

stunted growth, growth, spots or discolouration, decay, malformed stems, presence of pests

22
Q

what can cause a stunt in growth in plants

A

lack of nitrate ions

23
Q

what causes lack of chlorophyll in plants

A

lack of magnesium ions

24
Q

physical plant defence responses (3)

A

cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle, layers of dead cells (bark)

25
Q

chemical plant responses (2)

A

antibacterial chemicals and poisons

26
Q

mechanical plant adaptations (4)

A

thorns, hair, leaves that droop or curl, mimicry