92-121 Flashcards
non specific human defences e.g (4)
nose, skin, cilia and mucus
3 things wbc uses to defend humans from pathogens
phagocytosis, antitoxin production, antibody production
stages of phagocytosis (4)
- microbe enters the body and the white blood cell detects it as alien
- the white blood cell attaches to the microbe in response
- wbc engulfes microbe
-wbc digests the microbe using harmful enzymes
vaccines contain…
dead or weakened pathogens
how does vaccines prevent illness
creating a quicker immune reponse to pathogens
what cant painkillers do
kill pathogens
what can antibiotics kill
bacteria
what can not antibiotics kill
why
viruses - inside cells meaning the cell will have to die or get damaged to access the viruses
where does digitalis come from
foxglove
where does aspirin come from
willow trees
where does penicillin come from
penicillium mould
preclinical testing
done in labs with cells, tissues and animals
clinical testing
done on healthy volunteers and then patients
what is used in clinical trials to reduce bias
placebo drugs - no effect but look identical to the real one
what are monoclonal antibodies produced from
single cell clone
monoclonal antibody adaptation
only bind to one shape of antigen so can target chemicals and or cells in the body
how are monoclonal antibodies made
mouse lymphocytes and tumours to create hybridoma cells
why are hybridoma cells cloned
produce same antibody to be collected and purified
uses of monoclonal antibodies (3)
pregnancy tests, locating specific cells or tissues and cancer treatment
plant defence systems (8)
(in leaves 2)
(in general 6)
- thick cell walls and waxy cuticles
- bacterial chemicals, poison to deter herbivores leaves that droop, thorns, mimicry, hairs
ways to detect disease in plants (6)
stunted growth, growth, spots or discolouration, decay, malformed stems, presence of pests
what can cause a stunt in growth in plants
lack of nitrate ions
what causes lack of chlorophyll in plants
lack of magnesium ions
physical plant defence responses (3)
cellulose cell walls, tough waxy cuticle, layers of dead cells (bark)
chemical plant responses (2)
antibacterial chemicals and poisons
mechanical plant adaptations (4)
thorns, hair, leaves that droop or curl, mimicry
