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Neuro > 9.2 > Flashcards

9.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord is located within the

A

vertebral canal

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2
Q

The spinal cord is protected by?

A
  • vertebral column
  • vertebral ligaments
  • meninges
  • CSF
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3
Q

What are the Meninges three layers of connective tissue?

A
  1. Dura mater (outer)
  2. Arachnoid mater (middle)
  3. Pia mater (inner)
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4
Q

The spinal cord extends from_____ to _______?

A

the medulla oblongata

second lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

What are the 2 grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres

A
  1. Anterior median fissure
  2. Posterior median sulcus
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6
Q

What is filled with CSF and is located in the center of the gray matter?

A

Central Canal

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7
Q

What are a path of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body?

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are 2 bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?

A

Roots

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9
Q

What root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

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10
Q

What root contains motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?

A

Anterior (ventral) root

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11
Q

What matter has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses?

A

White matter

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12
Q

What matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes?

A

Gray matter

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13
Q

Gray matter is subdivided into what 3 horns named relative to
their locations?

A
  1. Anterior gray horn
  2. Lateral gray horn
  3. Posterior gray horn
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14
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons.

A

Posterior gray horn

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15
Q

What horn contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that
provide impulses for contraction of muscles.

A

Anterior gray horn

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16
Q

What horn is present only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments and contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.

A

Lateral gray horn

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17
Q

White matter is organized into?

A

columns

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18
Q

Gray matter is organized into?

A

Horns

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19
Q

______ (ascending) tract consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses toward the brain.

A

Sensory

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20
Q

_______ (descending) tracts: Consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses away from the brain.

A

Motor

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21
Q

What is a fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

A

Reflexes

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22
Q

Patellar reflex is what type of reflex?

A

Spinal

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23
Q

Gag reflex is what type of reflex?

A

Cranial

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24
Q

What are the 31 spinal nerve pairs?

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccyx

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25
Q

Spinal nerves are part of the

A

peripheral nervous system

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26
Q

Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by the

A

anterior/posterior root

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27
Q

Sensory information goes through

A

dorsal root

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28
Q

Motor information goes through

A

anterior root

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29
Q

Individual axons are wrapped in

A

Endoneurium

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30
Q

Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called

A

Fascicles

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31
Q

Fascicles are wrapped in

A

Perineurium

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32
Q

superficial covering over entire nerve is called

A

Epineurium

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33
Q

Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called

A

plexuses

34
Q

Which plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm?

A

Cervical plexus

35
Q

What plexus supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles?

A

Brachial plexus

36
Q

What plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs?

A

Lumbar plexus

37
Q

What plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum and most of lower limbs

A

Sacral plexus

38
Q

What Spinal nerves are called intercostal nerves?

A

T2-T11

39
Q

The brain is what % of the body’s weight?

A

2%

40
Q

The brain requires what % of the body’s oxygen?

A

20%

41
Q

Brain neurons totally deprived of oxygen for ___ minutes may lead to permanent damage.

A

4

42
Q

What is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and
surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries?

A

“Circle of Willis”

43
Q

What protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens?

A

Blood brain barrier

44
Q

CSF is produced in the _________.

A

choroid plexuses

45
Q

CSF is slowly reabsorbed into the blood through the?

A

arachnoid villi

46
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebellum
  4. Cerebrum
47
Q

What contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain?

A

Brain stem

48
Q

What contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland?

A

Diencephalon

49
Q

What means “little brain;” and controls

balance and equilibrium and coordination

A

Cerebellum

50
Q

What is the largest, most superior part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

51
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the Brain Stem?

A
  1. Medulla Oblangata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
52
Q

Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception lie in the posterior part of the

A

medulla oblongata

53
Q

What is known as the “Bridge” which connects the medulla to the midbrain?

A

Pons

54
Q

What contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves 5-8?

A

Pons

55
Q

What connects the pons to the diencephalon?

A

Midbrain

56
Q

Substantia nigra loss of these neurons is related to

A

Parkinson disease

57
Q

Red nuclei coordinate what type of movement?

A

muscular

58
Q

What colliculi are involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli?

A

Superior colliculi

59
Q

What colliculi respond to auditory input and startle reflex?

A

Inferior colliculi

60
Q

What are the 3 major regions of the Diencephalon?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pineal gland
61
Q

What is the:

Major sensory relay center
Contributes to motor functions
Plays role in consciousness

A

Thalamus

62
Q

What is:

inferior to thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland; important for homeostasis
Control of pituitary and hormone production
Control and integration of the ANS
Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
Regulation of eating and drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns

A

Hypothalamus

63
Q

What secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock?

A

Pineal gland

64
Q

Which part of the brain:

compares actual movements with intended ones

helps execute skilled motor activities

Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities

A

Cerebellum

65
Q

What divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal Fissure

66
Q

What are the 3 Basal Ganglia?

A
  1. Globus Pallidus
  2. Putamen
  3. Caudate Nucleus
67
Q

The folds of cerebrum are called

A

gyri

68
Q

The shallow grooves are called

A

sulci

69
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebrum?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. temporal
  4. occipital
70
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal?

A

Central sulcus

71
Q

Precentral gyrus anterior to the central sulcus is the primary

A

motor area

72
Q

Postcentral gyrus posterior to the central sulcus is the primary

A

somatosensory area

73
Q

_________ deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality, intelligence are part of the?

A

Association areas

74
Q

Primary visual area is what lobe?

A

Occipital lobe

75
Q

Primary auditory area is what lobe?

A

Temporal lobe

76
Q

Primary gustatory (taste) area is where?

A

Base of postcentral gyrus

77
Q

Primary olfactory (smell) area is where?

A

Medial aspect of temporal lobe

78
Q

What is called the “emotional brain” and plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in behavior?

A

Limbic System

79
Q

What hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning?

A

Left

80
Q

What hemisphere is involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?

A

Right

Neuro (6 decks)

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