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Neuro > 9.2 > Flashcards

9.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The spinal cord is located within the

A

vertebral canal

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2
Q

The spinal cord is protected by?

A
  • vertebral column
  • vertebral ligaments
  • meninges
  • CSF
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3
Q

What are the Meninges three layers of connective tissue?

A
  1. Dura mater (outer)
  2. Arachnoid mater (middle)
  3. Pia mater (inner)
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4
Q

The spinal cord extends from_____ to _______?

A

the medulla oblongata

second lumbar vertebra

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5
Q

What are the 2 grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres

A
  1. Anterior median fissure
  2. Posterior median sulcus
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6
Q

What is filled with CSF and is located in the center of the gray matter?

A

Central Canal

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7
Q

What are a path of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body?

A

Spinal nerves

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8
Q

What are 2 bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord?

A

Roots

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9
Q

What root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (afferent)?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

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10
Q

What root contains motor neurons which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (efferent)?

A

Anterior (ventral) root

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11
Q

What matter has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses?

A

White matter

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12
Q

What matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes?

A

Gray matter

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13
Q

Gray matter is subdivided into what 3 horns named relative to
their locations?

A
  1. Anterior gray horn
  2. Lateral gray horn
  3. Posterior gray horn
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14
Q

Which horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons.

A

Posterior gray horn

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15
Q

What horn contains cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that
provide impulses for contraction of muscles.

A

Anterior gray horn

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16
Q

What horn is present only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments and contain cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons that regulate the cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands.

A

Lateral gray horn

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17
Q

White matter is organized into?

A

columns

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18
Q

Gray matter is organized into?

A

Horns

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19
Q

______ (ascending) tract consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses toward the brain.

A

Sensory

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20
Q

_______ (descending) tracts: Consists of axons that conduct nerves impulses away from the brain.

A

Motor

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21
Q

What is a fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

A

Reflexes

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22
Q

Patellar reflex is what type of reflex?

A

Spinal

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23
Q

Gag reflex is what type of reflex?

A

Cranial

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24
Q

What are the 31 spinal nerve pairs?

A

8 cervical

12 thoracic

5 lumbar

5 sacral

1 coccyx

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25
Spinal nerves are part of the
peripheral nervous system
26
Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by the
anterior/posterior root
27
Sensory information goes through
dorsal root
28
Motor information goes through
anterior root
29
Individual axons are wrapped in
Endoneurium
30
Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called
Fascicles
31
Fascicles are wrapped in
Perineurium
32
superficial covering over entire nerve is called
Epineurium
33
Many spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks called
plexuses
34
Which plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm?
Cervical plexus
35
What plexus supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles?
Brachial plexus
36
What plexus supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs?
Lumbar plexus
37
What plexus supplies the buttocks, perineum and most of lower limbs
Sacral plexus
38
What Spinal nerves are called intercostal nerves?
T2-T11
39
The brain is what % of the body’s weight?
2%
40
The brain requires what % of the body’s oxygen?
20%
41
Brain neurons totally deprived of oxygen for ___ minutes may lead to permanent damage.
4
42
What is a circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries?
“Circle of Willis”
43
What protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens?
Blood brain barrier
44
CSF is produced in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
choroid plexuses
45
CSF is slowly reabsorbed into the blood through the?
arachnoid villi
46
What are the 4 major parts of the brain?
1. Brain stem 2. Diencephalon 3. Cerebellum 4. Cerebrum
47
What contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain?
Brain stem
48
What contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland?
Diencephalon
49
What means “little brain;” and controls balance and equilibrium and coordination
Cerebellum
50
What is the largest, most superior part of the brain?
Cerebrum
51
What are the 3 major regions of the Brain Stem?
1. Medulla Oblangata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain
52
Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception lie in the posterior part of the
medulla oblongata
53
What is known as the “Bridge” which connects the medulla to the midbrain?
Pons
54
What contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves 5-8?
Pons
55
What connects the pons to the diencephalon?
Midbrain
56
Substantia nigra loss of these neurons is related to
Parkinson disease
57
Red nuclei coordinate what type of movement?
muscular
58
What colliculi are involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli?
Superior colliculi
59
What colliculi respond to auditory input and startle reflex?
Inferior colliculi
60
What are the 3 major regions of the Diencephalon?
1. Thalamus 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pineal gland
61
What is the: Major sensory relay center Contributes to motor functions Plays role in consciousness
Thalamus
62
What is: inferior to thalamus and superior to the pituitary gland; important for homeostasis Control of pituitary and hormone production Control and integration of the ANS Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns Regulation of eating and drinking Control of body temperature Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns
Hypothalamus
63
What secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body's biological clock?
Pineal gland
64
Which part of the brain: compares actual movements with intended ones helps execute skilled motor activities Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities
Cerebellum
65
What divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Longitudinal Fissure
66
What are the 3 Basal Ganglia?
1. Globus Pallidus 2. Putamen 3. Caudate Nucleus
67
The folds of cerebrum are called
gyri
68
The shallow grooves are called
sulci
69
What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebrum?
1. frontal 2. parietal 3. temporal 4. occipital
70
What separates the frontal and parietal?
Central sulcus
71
Precentral gyrus anterior to the central sulcus is the primary
motor area
72
Postcentral gyrus posterior to the central sulcus is the primary
somatosensory area
73
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgment, personality, intelligence are part of the?
Association areas
74
Primary visual area is what lobe?
Occipital lobe
75
Primary auditory area is what lobe?
Temporal lobe
76
Primary gustatory (taste) area is where?
Base of postcentral gyrus
77
Primary olfactory (smell) area is where?
Medial aspect of temporal lobe
78
What is called the “emotional brain” and plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and in behavior?
Limbic System
79
What hemisphere is important for spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning?
Left
80
What hemisphere is involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?
Right

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