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Biology > 9.1-9.3 > Flashcards

9.1-9.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the major factors that influence cell size?

A

Surface area and Volume.

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2
Q

What is Surface area in cells?

A

The area covered by the plasma membrane.

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3
Q

What is Volume in cells?

A

The space taken up by the inner contents of the cell.

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4
Q

How do cells benefit from having a higher surface area to volume ratio?

A

It can sustain itself more easily.

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5
Q

What are benefits for small cells?

A

Smaller cells can transport substances more easily, have more efficient Cellular communication, and have more available DNA.

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6
Q

What are detriments for large cells?

A

Diffusion, cell communication, and the cytoskeleton are less efficient. DNA is less available.

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7
Q

What does a cell have to do once it reaches its size limit?

A

It must either stop growing or divide.

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8
Q

How do cells reproduce?

A

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called the cell cycle. Each time a cell goes through one complete cycle, it becomes two cells.

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9
Q

What are the Three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

The Interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis.

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10
Q

What is the interphase, and how many stages does it have?

A

The stage during which the cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicate their DNA. Think of interphase as the “warm-up.” The interphase has three stages.

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11
Q

What are the stages of interphase?

A

G1 (gap one), S (synthesis), and G2 (gap two).

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12
Q

What happens during G1?

A

During G1 (gap one), the cell grows, does normal cell functions, and prepares to replicate DNA.

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13
Q

What happens during S?

A

During S (synthesis), the cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

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14
Q

What are Chromosomes?

A

Condensed structures containing DNA and protein.

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15
Q

What is Chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus.

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16
Q

What happens during G2?

A

The G2 (gap two) stage follows the S stage and is the period when the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

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17
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Via binary fission.

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18
Q

How is DNA organized in prokaryotic cells?

A

In a single chromosome without a nucleus.

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19
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

During mitosis, the cell’s replicated genetic material separates and the cell prepares to split into two cells.

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20
Q

What is the main goal of mitosis?

A

To accurately separate the cell’s replicated DNA.

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21
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

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22
Q

What are the benefits of mitosis?

A

It increases the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows and replaces damaged cells

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23
Q

What is prophase?

A

It is the first and longest stage of mitosis.

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24
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

The cell’s chromatin tightens/condenses into chromosomes. As prophase continues, spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form a spindle apparatus. The spindle apparatus attaches to each of the sister chromatids before cell division.

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25
Q

What is the point of prophase?

A

Moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division.

26
Q

What are Sister chromatids?

A

They are structures that contain identical copies of DNA.

27
Q

How do sister chromatids attach?

A

They are attached to the centromere.

28
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The bisecting point of the X/ The knot in the middle of the chromosome.

29
Q

What is the metaphase?

A

The second and shortest phase of mitosis.

30
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell.
They then line up in the middle of the cell

31
Q

What is the anaphase?

A

The third phase of mitosis; the chromatids pull apart.

32
Q

What happens during the anaphase?

A

The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten.
The sister chromatids separate.
The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

33
Q

What is the telophase?

A

The fourth stage of mitosis.

34
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

The chromosomes arrive at the poles and the texture of chromatin begins to loosen.
Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear.
The spindle apparatus disassembles.

35
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

In animal cells, microfilaments constrict/pinch off to form two cells.
In plant cells, instead of pinching in half, a new structure called the cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.

36
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

After the two daughter nuclei have formed.

37
Q

How do cells compose organisms?

A

Cell->Tissue->Organs->Organ Systems->Organism

38
Q

What is the timing and rate of cell division controlled by?

A

Proteins and enzymes.

39
Q

The cell cycle in eukaryotic cells are controlled by what two type of substances?

A

Cyclin and CDK

40
Q

What are Cyclins?

A

Proteins that bind to enzymes called CDKs

41
Q

What are CDKs?

A

Enzymes that cyclins bind to. Full name cyclin-dependent kinases.

42
Q

Why does different cyclin/CDK combinations matter?

A

Different combinations control different activities during different stages of the cell cycle.

43
Q

Why does the cell cycle has built-in checkpoints?

A

To monitor the cycle and stop it if something goes wrong.

44
Q

What are three instances of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A

There is a checkpoint after each stage of interphase.

45
Q

What is Cancer?

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells.

46
Q

When do cancer occur?

A

Cancer results when cells stop responding to the controls of the cell cycle.

47
Q

Why is cancer dangerous?

A

Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

48
Q

What are causes of cancer?

A

Mutations or changes in segments of DNA cause the growth and division of cancer cells.
Various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells.

49
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

Substances that are known to cause cancer.

50
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death.

Cells going through apoptosis shrink and shrivel.

51
Q

When and where does Apoptosis occur?

A

Apoptosis occurs during development in cells that are damaged or may lead to cancerous growths.

52
Q

What is a bleb?

A

A bleb is an irregular bulge in the plasma membrane of a cell caused by decoupling of the cytoskeleton from the plasma membrane.

53
Q

What roles do apoptosis play in organ sculpting?

A

Apoptosis is known to play a role in eliminating organs and tissues that are useful only during the embryonic or larval stages of development.

For example, the tadpole tail is removed by apoptosis at the time of its metamorphosis into a frog.

The coordinated elimination of large populations of cells can provide a means to sculpt tissues without affecting neighboring cells.

54
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

The process by which an unspecialized cell develops into a specialized cell with a defined structure and function.

55
Q

What are Stem cells?

A

Stem cells are a type of cell that can be directed to become a specialized cell.

56
Q

What are Embryonic Stem Cells?

A

Embryonic Stem Cells are unspecialized cells that result after a sperm fertilizes an egg.
Each embryonic stem cell has all the DNA needed to develop into a wide variety of specialized cells.

57
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A

After fertilization, the initial mass of cells (100-150 cells) remains undifferentiated – these comprise embryonic stem cells.

58
Q

What are Adult Stem Cells?

A

Adult stem cells are stem cells that can differentiate into the specific types of cells they are surrounded by.
Stem cells are found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair tissue.

59
Q

How are adult stem cells different from embryonic cells?

A

Adult stem cells are more developed/specialized than embryonic stem cells and are therefore more limited in the types of cells that they can develop into.

Adult stem cell research is less controversial than embryonic stem cell research.

60
Q

How would the lack of cyclins affect the cell cycle?

A

This would lead to uncontrollable cell division.

Biology (13 decks)

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