7.4 lecture Flashcards
What is the cytoplasm?
It is the slime-like substance inside cells.
Where do chemical processes take place inside prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, all the chemical processes happen in the cytoplasm.
In eukaryotes, chemical processes happen in the organelles.
What are the two parts of the cytoskeleton?
Microtubules and Microfilaments.
What is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers and microtubules that form a framework for the cell and provides an anchor for the organelles?
The cytoskeleton.
What are long protein straws inside the cell called?
Microtubules.
What are microfilaments?
Thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and allows the cell to move.
What does the nucleus contain?
Most of the cell’s DNA.
What is the nuclear envelope?
The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.
What are Ribosomes?
They are organelles that manufacture proteins.
What are the characteristics of ribosomes?
They are not membrane-bound like other organelles.
They are produced inside the nucleolus, which is in the nucleus.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
It is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis.
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough (protein) and smooth (hormones & lipids).
What is the Golgi apparatus?
It is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
How are proteins packaged in the Golgi apparatus?
They are packaged into sacs called vesicles.
What are vacuoles?
They are membrane-bound sacs used for temporary storage.
What are Lysosomes?
They are vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and bacteria or viruses that invade the cell.
What are Centrioles?
They are organelles made of groups of microtubules that function during cell division, located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus.
What do the Mitochondria do?
They convert fuel particles into usable energy.
What is the structure of the Mitocondria?
They have an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides surface area for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules.
What are chloroplasts?
Organelles that capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Where are chloroplasts found?
Inside plant cells and some other eukaryotes.
What is the cell wall?
A thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the outside of the plasma membrane.
What is the purpose of a cell wall?
It Protects the cell and gives it structure.
What are Cilia?
Short, numerous projections that look like hair.
How do cilia move?
In tandem like oars in a rowboat.
How are flagella different from cilia?
Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia. They Move with a whip-like motion.
What are the features plant cells have that animal cells generally do not?
Chloroplasts/chlorophyll
Vacuoles
Cell walls
What happens during protein synthesis?
RNA and ribosomes leave the nucleus and produce a protein on the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins produced in the ER are sent to Golgi apparatus for packaging.
Packaged proteins are delivered to other organelles where they serve a variety of functions.
What is the slime-like substance inside cells?
The cytoplasm.
What is the cytoskeleton?
It is a a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provides an anchor for the organelles.
What are Microtubules?
Long protein straws that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell.
What are thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and allows the cell to move?
Microfilaments.
What does DNA do?
It stores information used to make proteins that determine a cell’s growth, function, and reproduction.
What is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?
The nuclear envelope.
What are organelles that manufacture proteins?
Ribosomes
What do these two characteristics describe?
They are not membrane-bound like other organelles.
They are produced inside the nucleus in the nucleolus.
Ribosomes.
What is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis?
The endoplasmic reticulum.
What are rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulums made of?
The rough ones are made of protein and the smooth ones are made of hormones & lipids.
What is the flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins?
The Golgi apparatus.
Where do vesicles go?
They fuse to the plasma membrane and release the proteins to the environment.
What are membrane-bound sacs used for temporary storage?
Vacuoles.
What do vacuoles store?
Food, enzymes, or waste.
Where are vacuoles mostly found?
Inside plant cells.
What are vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and bacteria or viruses that invade the cell?
Lysosomes.
What are organelles made of groups of microtubules that function during cell division, located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus?
Centrioles
What organelles convert fuel particles into usable energy?
Mitochondrias.
Which organelle has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides surface area for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules?
The Mitochondria.
What are organelles that capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts.
What are thylakoids?
Multiple small disks contained in chloroplasts. They contain the light-capturing pigment chlorophyll.
What is a thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane?
The cell wall
What is the cell wall made of?
A carbohydrate called cellulose.
What are short, numerous projections that look like hair?
Cilia.
What moves in tandem like oars in a rowboat?
Cilia.
How are flagella similar to cilia?
Both are made of microtubules.
Where does protein Synthesis begin?
It begins in the nucleus with information contained in DNA.
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What is the problem of the lab?
“How does the flow of water in and out of cells through a plasma membrane help maintain cell homeostasis?”
What will we be doing in the lab?
“Plan and conduct an investigation to examine what happens to onion cells when placed in a strong salt solution.”
What are the possible materials?
2 slides, onion epidermis, water, iodine stain, dropper, saltwater, compound microscope, razor, cover slips.
What carbohydrates attached to proteins stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals.
glycoproteins
What are Glycoproteins?
Carbohydrates attached to proteins that stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals.
Why is active transport similar to train transport in a mountain?
Both of them are processes that move stuff against the natural flow of energy and therefore require extra energy.
