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Biology > 7.4 lecture > Flashcards

7.4 lecture Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

It is the slime-like substance inside cells.

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2
Q

Where do chemical processes take place inside prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

In prokaryotes, all the chemical processes happen in the cytoplasm.

In eukaryotes, chemical processes happen in the organelles.

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3
Q

What are the two parts of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and Microfilaments.

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4
Q

What is a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers and microtubules that form a framework for the cell and provides an anchor for the organelles?

A

The cytoskeleton.

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5
Q

What are long protein straws inside the cell called?

A

Microtubules.

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6
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and allows the cell to move.

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7
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

Most of the cell’s DNA.

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8
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

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9
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

They are organelles that manufacture proteins.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of ribosomes?

A

They are not membrane-bound like other organelles.

They are produced inside the nucleolus, which is in the nucleus.

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11
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

It is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis.

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12
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Rough (protein) and smooth (hormones & lipids).

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13
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

It is a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.

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14
Q

How are proteins packaged in the Golgi apparatus?

A

They are packaged into sacs called vesicles.

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15
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

They are membrane-bound sacs used for temporary storage.

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16
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

They are vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and bacteria or viruses that invade the cell.

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17
Q

What are Centrioles?

A

They are organelles made of groups of microtubules that function during cell division, located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus.

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18
Q

What do the Mitochondria do?

A

They convert fuel particles into usable energy.

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19
Q

What is the structure of the Mitocondria?

A

They have an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides surface area for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules.

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20
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Organelles that capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

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21
Q

Where are chloroplasts found?

A

Inside plant cells and some other eukaryotes.

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22
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surround the outside of the plasma membrane.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of a cell wall?

A

It Protects the cell and gives it structure.

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24
Q

What are Cilia?

A

Short, numerous projections that look like hair.

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25
Q

How do cilia move?

A

In tandem like oars in a rowboat.

26
Q

How are flagella different from cilia?

A

Flagella are longer and less numerous than cilia. They Move with a whip-like motion.

27
Q

What are the features plant cells have that animal cells generally do not?

A

Chloroplasts/chlorophyll
Vacuoles
Cell walls

28
Q

What happens during protein synthesis?

A

RNA and ribosomes leave the nucleus and produce a protein on the endoplasmic reticulum.

Proteins produced in the ER are sent to Golgi apparatus for packaging.

Packaged proteins are delivered to other organelles where they serve a variety of functions.

29
Q

What is the slime-like substance inside cells?

A

The cytoplasm.

30
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

It is a a supporting network of long, thin protein fibers that form a framework for the cell and provides an anchor for the organelles.

31
Q

What are Microtubules?

A

Long protein straws that form a rigid skeleton for the cell and assist in moving substances within the cell.

32
Q

What are thin protein threads that help give the cell shape and allows the cell to move?

A

Microfilaments.

33
Q

What does DNA do?

A

It stores information used to make proteins that determine a cell’s growth, function, and reproduction.

34
Q

What is the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus?

A

The nuclear envelope.

35
Q

What are organelles that manufacture proteins?

A

Ribosomes

36
Q

What do these two characteristics describe?

They are not membrane-bound like other organelles.
They are produced inside the nucleus in the nucleolus.

A

Ribosomes.

37
Q

What is a membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that serves as the site for protein and lipid synthesis?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum.

38
Q

What are rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulums made of?

A

The rough ones are made of protein and the smooth ones are made of hormones & lipids.

39
Q

What is the flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins?

A

The Golgi apparatus.

40
Q

Where do vesicles go?

A

They fuse to the plasma membrane and release the proteins to the environment.

41
Q

What are membrane-bound sacs used for temporary storage?

A

Vacuoles.

42
Q

What do vacuoles store?

A

Food, enzymes, or waste.

43
Q

Where are vacuoles mostly found?

A

Inside plant cells.

44
Q

What are vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and bacteria or viruses that invade the cell?

A

Lysosomes.

45
Q

What are organelles made of groups of microtubules that function during cell division, located in the cytoplasm near the nucleus?

A

Centrioles

46
Q

What organelles convert fuel particles into usable energy?

A

Mitochondrias.

47
Q

Which organelle has an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides surface area for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules?

A

The Mitochondria.

48
Q

What are organelles that capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis?

A

Chloroplasts.

49
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Multiple small disks contained in chloroplasts. They contain the light-capturing pigment chlorophyll.

50
Q

What is a thick, rigid, mesh of fibers that surrounds the outside of the plasma membrane?

A

The cell wall

51
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

A carbohydrate called cellulose.

52
Q

What are short, numerous projections that look like hair?

A

Cilia.

53
Q

What moves in tandem like oars in a rowboat?

A

Cilia.

54
Q

How are flagella similar to cilia?

A

Both are made of microtubules.

55
Q

Where does protein Synthesis begin?

A

It begins in the nucleus with information contained in DNA.

56
Q

BLANK

A
57
Q

What is the problem of the lab?

A

“How does the flow of water in and out of cells through a plasma membrane help maintain cell homeostasis?”

58
Q

What will we be doing in the lab?

A

“Plan and conduct an investigation to examine what happens to onion cells when placed in a strong salt solution.”

59
Q

What are the possible materials?

A

2 slides, onion epidermis, water, iodine stain, dropper, saltwater, compound microscope, razor, cover slips.

60
Q

What carbohydrates attached to proteins stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals.

A

glycoproteins

61
Q

What are Glycoproteins?

A

Carbohydrates attached to proteins that stick out from the plasma membrane to define the cell’s characteristics and help cells identify chemical signals.

62
Q

Why is active transport similar to train transport in a mountain?

A

Both of them are processes that move stuff against the natural flow of energy and therefore require extra energy.

Biology (13 decks)

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