9 - Vascular Endothelium 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What stresses activate the endothelium?

A
  • mechanical stress
  • inflammation
  • high BP
  • smoking viruses
  • oxLDL
  • high glucose
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2
Q

What are the functions of endothelial cells?

A
  • angiogenesis
  • thrombosis and haemostasis
  • inflammation
  • vascular tone permeability
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3
Q

What is the resting state of endothelial cells?

A
  • anti-inflammatory
  • anti-thrombotic
  • anti-proliferative
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4
Q

What is the activated state of endothelial cells?

A
  • pro-inflammatory
  • pro-thrombotic
  • pro-proliferative
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5
Q

What are the risk factors of increased vascular permeability?

A
  • smoking
  • raised BP
  • dyslipidaemia (abnormal amounts of lipids)
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6
Q

How are foam cells formed?

A
  • lipoproteins get through endothelium and bind to proteoglycans
  • lipoproteins oxidised
  • macrophages gobble up oxidised lipoproteins and form a foam cell
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7
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

inflammatory disease of arteries in response to injury

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8
Q

What are the three main pathogenetic stages of atherosclerosis?

A
  • endothelial dysfunction
  • fatty streak formation
  • formation of advanced complicated lesion
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9
Q

What are the features of endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis?

A
  • increased endothelial permeability to lipoproteins
  • leukocyte migration to artery wall
  • up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules
  • up-regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules
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10
Q

What are the features of fatty streak formation in atherosclerosis?

A
  • smooth muscle migration
  • foam cell formation
  • t-cell activation
  • platelet adherence and aggregation
  • leukocyte adherence and entry
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11
Q

What are the features of the formation of an advanced complicated lesion of atherosclerosis?

A
  • macrophage accumulation
  • formation of necrotic core
  • fibrous-cap formation
  • senescence and angiogenesis
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12
Q

What is the process of leukocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis?

A

during inflammation:
- leukocyte adheres to endothelium of post-capillary venules
- transmigrate into tissues (using enzymes to leave vessel)
in atherosclerosis:
- leukocytes adhere to activated endothelium of large arteries
- get stuck in sub-endothelial space

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13
Q

What does laminar flow promote?

A
  • anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory factors
  • NO production
  • inhibition of SMC proliferation
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14
Q

What does turbulent flow promotes?

A
  • coagulation
  • leukocyte adhesion
  • SMC proliferation
  • endothelial apoptosis
  • reduced NO production
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15
Q

What does laminar flow downregulate?

A
  • expression of DNA methyltransferases
  • promoter of antiatherogenic genes remain demethylated
  • genes expressed
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16
Q

What does turbulent flow upregulate?

A
  • expression of DNA methyltransferases
  • leads to hypermethylation of antiatherogenic genes
  • gene expression repressed
17
Q

Where does atherosclerosis occur?

A
  • bifurcations and curvatures

- in branch points where there is turbulent flow

18
Q

What are the effects of NO on the CVS?

A
  • reduces oxidation of LDL
  • dilates blood vessels
  • reduces platelet activation
  • inhibits monocyte adhesion
  • reduces SMC proliferation in vessel wall
  • reduces release of superoxide radicals
19
Q

What are the effects of an activated endothelium?

A
  • thrombosis
  • senescence
  • permeability
  • leukocyte recruitment
  • atherosclerosis
20
Q

What is angiogenesis and its main trigger?

A
  • formation of new vessels by sprouting from existing vessels
  • main trigger: hypoxia
21
Q

What is cellular senescence?

A
  • growth arrest that halts the proliferation of ageing and/or damaged cells