11 - ECG 2 Flashcards
What abnormalities are recognised by an ECG?
- conduction abnormalities
- structural abnormalities
- perfusion abnormalities
What are the normal ranges for an ECG waveform?
- P wave: <0.11 s
- PR interval: 0.12-0.2 s
- QRS complex: <0.12s
- Q wave: <0.04 s
- QT interval: 0.38-0.42 s
What are the features of a normal sinus rhythm?
- 1:1 ratio for p wave and qrs complex
- regular rate (even r-r intervals)
- normal heart rate
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
- regular rate
- slow
- caused by medication or vagal stimulation
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
SINUS TACHYCARDIA
- regular rate
- fast
- physiological response
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
SINUS ARRYTHMIA
- irregular rate
- normal HR
- R-R interval varies with breathing cycle
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
- oscillating baseline
- irregular rate
- slow
- turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
ATRIAL FLUTTER
- regular saw-tooth patterin in baseline
- atrial to ventricular beats higher than 1:1 ratio
- pattern in leads ii, iii and aVF
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK
- prolonged PR segment
- regular rate
- progressive disease of ageing
bWhat is the name of this ECG and its features?
SECOND DEGREE HEART BLOCK: MOBITZ I
- gradual prolongation of PR interval until beat skipped
- regularly irregular
- disease AV node
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
SECOND DEGREE HEART BLOCK: MOBITZ II
- regular p waves, not always followed by QRS complex
- regularly irregular
- no P-R elongation
- can rapidly turn into third degree heart block
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
THIRD DEGREE HEART BLOCK
- no relationship between p wave and QRS complex
- both regular
- p waves can be hidden in bigger vector
- non-sinus rhythm
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
- hidden p waves
- regular rate
- fast
- high risk of deteriorating into fibrillation
- shockable rhythm
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
- irregular rate
- >250bpm
- heart unable to generate output
- shockable rhythm
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
ST ELEVATION
- regular rate and rhythm
- ST segment raised >2mm above baseline
- caused by infarction
What is the name of this ECG and its features?
ST DEPRESSION
- regular rate and rhythm
- ST segment depressed >2mm below baseline
- caused by ischaemia
What is the process of measuring blood pressure?
- measure pressure in brachial artery in upper arm with cuff, sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
- inflate arm to obstruct blood flow by increasing pressure until cuff exceeds arterial pressure
- release cuff slowly while placing stethoscope distal to cuff on brachial artery
- blood squirts into artery and sets up turbulent flow: first korotkoff sound indicates SBP
- eventually artery no longer occluded and flow returns to normal, silent, laminar flow
- disappearance of sounds indicates DBP
What are the two blood pressure equations?
- pulse pressure = SBP - DBP
- MAP = DBP + 1/3PP
(= 2/3DBP + 1/3SBP)
