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9. Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Circulatory system definition

A

The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

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2
Q

What type of circulatory system do fish have?

A

Fish have a two-chambered heart and a single circulation

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3
Q

What does single circulation mean?

A

This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the heart once

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4
Q

What type of circulatory system do mammals have?

A

Mammals have a four-chambered heart and a double circulation

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5
Q

What does double circulation mean?

A

This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the heart twice

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6
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

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7
Q

What is the blood flowing in the lungs called?

A

Pulmonary circulation

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8
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body

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9
Q

What is the blood flowing through the body called?

A

Systemic circulation

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10
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

Blood travelling through the small capillaries in the lungs loses a lot of pressure that was given to it by the pumping of the heart, meaning it cannot travel as fast
By returning the blood to the heart after going through the lungs its pressure can be raised again before sending it to the body, meaning cells can be supplied with the oxygen and glucose they need for respiration faster and more frequently

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11
Q

In what direction do veins carry blood?

A

Blood is pumped towards the heart in veins

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12
Q

In what direction do arteries carry blood?

A

Blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries

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13
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

The two sides of the heart are separated by a muscle wall called the septum

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14
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

The heart is made of muscle tissue

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15
Q

What supplies the heart muscle with blood?

A

supplied with blood by the coronary arteries

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16
Q

Do ventricles or atria have thicker muscle walls? Why?

A

VENTRICLES
The ventricles have thicker muscle walls than the atria as they are pumping blood out of the heart and so need to generate a higher pressure

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17
Q

Does the left ventricle or the right ventricle have a thicker muscle wall? Why?

A

The left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle as it has to pump blood at high pressure around the entire body, whereas the right ventricle is pumping blood at lower pressure to the lungs

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18
Q

What is the role of the septum?

A

The septum separates the two sides of the heart and so prevents mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

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19
Q

What is the basic function of valves?

A

The basic function of all valves is to prevent blood flowing backwards

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20
Q

What are the 2 sets of valves in the heart?

A

atrioventricular (bi and tricuspid)
- semilunar valves

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21
Q

What do the atrioventricular valves separate?

A

The atrioventricular valves separate the atria from the ventricles

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22
Q

What is the valve in the right side of the heart called?

A

Tricuspid valve

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23
Q

What is the valve in the left side of the heart called?

A

Bicuspid valve

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24
Q

When are the atrioventricular valves opened and closed?

A

These valves are pushed open when the atria contract but when the ventricles contract they are pushed shut to prevent blood flowing back into the atria

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25
Q

Where are the semilunar valves found?

A

The semilunar valves are found in the two blood arteries that come out of the top of the heart

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26
Q

What is unusual about the semilunar valves?

A

They are unusual in that they are the only two arteries in the body that contain valves

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27
Q

When do the semilunar valves open and close?

A

These valves open when the ventricles contract so blood squeezes past them out of the heart, but then shut to avoid blood flowing back into the heart

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28
Q
  1. What type of blood comes from the body and where does it go?
A

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the vena cava

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29
Q
  1. What happens once the right atrium has filled with blood?
A

Once the right atrium has filled with blood the heart gives a little beat and the blood is pushed through the tricuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the right ventricle

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30
Q
  1. What happens when the blood enters the right ventricle?
A

The walls of the ventricle contract and the blood is pushed into the pulmonary artery through the semilunar valve which prevents blood flowing backwards into the heart

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31
Q
  1. Where does the blood go when it’s pushed through the pulmonary artery? What happens here and what process occurs?
A

The blood travels to the lungs and moves through the capillaries past the alveoli where GAS EXCHANGE takes place

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32
Q
  1. Why does there have to be a low pressure on the right side of the heart?
A

blood is going directly to capillaries which would burst under higher pressure

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33
Q
  1. What happens to the blood which has travelled from the lungs?
A

Oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein

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34
Q
  1. What happens to the blood once it enters the left atrium?
A

It passes through the bicuspid (atrioventricular) valve into the left ventricle

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35
Q
  1. How is the blood transported around the body from the left ventricle?
A

The thicker muscle walls of the ventricle contract strongly to push the blood forcefully into the aorta and all the way around the body

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36
Q
  1. What prevents the blood from flowing back into the heart?
A

The semilunar valve in the aorta prevents the blood flowing back down into the heart

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37
Q

How can heart activity be monitored?

A

Heart activity can be monitored by using:

an ECG,
measuring pulse rate - listening to the sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope

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38
Q

What is heart rate measured in?

A

Immediately after they do some exercise, record the pulse rate every minute until it returns to the resting rate

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39
Q

How can you investigate the effects of exercise on heart rate?

A

To investigate the effects of exercise on heart rate, record the pulse rate at rest for a minute
Immediately after they do some exercise, record the pulse rate every minute until it returns to the resting rate

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40
Q

What should this experiment show? (investigating the effects of exercise on heart rate)

A

This experiment will show that during exercise the heart rate increases and may take several minutes to return to normal

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41
Q

Why, (generally), does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

So that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough nutrients and oxygen for increased respiration

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42
Q

What does an increased heart rate allow the removal of?

A

An increase in heart rate also allows for waste products to be removed at a faster rate
- Following exercise, the heart continues to beat faster for a while to ensure that all excess waste products are removed from muscle cells

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43
Q

In what way will muscles likely have been respiring? What does this cause?

A

It is also likely that muscle cells have been respiring anaerobically during exercise and so have built up an oxygen debt

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44
Q

How can an oxygen debt be “repaid”?

A

This needs to be ‘repaid’ following exercise and so the heart continues to beat faster to ensure that extra oxygen is still being delivered to muscle cells

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45
Q

What is the extra oxygen produced by the rapid beating of the heart also used for?

A

The extra oxygen is used to break down the lactic acid that has been built up in cells as a result of anaerobic respiration

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46
Q

What can happen to coronary arteries if a person has a diet high in saturated fats/cholesterol?

A

A coronary artery becomes partially or completely blocked by fatty deposits called ‘plaques’/ atheromas (mainly formed from cholesterol),

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47
Q

Why are atheromas harmful?

A

the arteries are not as elastic as they should be and therefore cannot stretch to accommodate the blood which is being forced through them – leading to coronary heart disease

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48
Q

What does partial blockage of the coronary arteries cause? What is this called?

A

Partial blockage of the coronary arteries creates a restricted blood flow to the cardiac muscle cells and results in severe chest pains called angina

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49
Q

What does complete blockage of the coronary arteries cause? What is this called?

A

Complete blockage means cells in that area of the heart will not be able to respire and can no longer contract, leading to a heart attack

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50
Q

How does a poor diet affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

eating more saturated fat increases cholesterol levels, increasing the chance of the buildup of fatty plaques

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51
Q

How does stress affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

when under stress, hormones produced can increase blood pressure, increasing the chance of a blockage in the coronary arteries

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52
Q

How does genetic predisposition affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

studies show that people with a history of coronary heart disease in their family are more likely to develop it themselves, suggesting it partly has a genetic basis

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53
Q

How does smoking affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

nicotine in cigarettes will cause blood vessels to become narrower, increasing blood pressure which will cause the buildup of fat globules. if this occurs in the coronary artery, this will cause coronary heart disease

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54
Q

How does age affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

the risk of developing coronary heart disease increases as you get older

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55
Q

How does gender affect your chance of developing coronary heart disease?

A

males are more likely to develop coronary heart disease than females

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56
Q

What factors can effect your chance of developing coronary heart disease? (6)

A

a poor diet
stress
genetic predisposition
smoking
gender
age

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57
Q

In what 3 ways can you reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease?

A

Quit smoking
Reduce animal fats in diet and eat more fruits and vegetables
Exercise regularly

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58
Q

How does reducing animal fats help to reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease?

A

this will reduce cholesterol levels in the blood and help with weight loss if overweight

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59
Q

How does exercising regularly help to reduce the risk of developing coronary heart disease?

A

this will help with weight loss, decrease blood pressure and cholesterol levels and help reduce stress

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60
Q

In what ways can coronary heart disease be treated?

A

Aspirin can be taken daily to reduce the risk of blood clots forming in arteries
surgical methods such as angioplasty or a coronary bypass

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61
Q
  1. During angioplasty, what is inserted and where?
A

A narrow catheter (tube) is threaded through the groin up to the blocked vessel

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62
Q
  1. What is in the catheter and what does this do?
    angioplasty
A

A tiny balloon inserted into the catheter is pushed up to the blocked vessel and then inflated
This flattens the plaque against the wall of the artery, clearing the blockage

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63
Q
  1. What is inserted to keep the artery clear?
    angioplasty
A

To keep the artery clear, a stent (piece of metal / plastic mesh) is also inserted which pushes against the wall of the artery

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64
Q
  1. What may the stent be coated in?
    angioplasty
A

Sometimes the stent is coated with a drug that slowly releases medication to prevent further build-up of plaque

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65
Q

How is a coronary bypass surgery carried out?

A

A piece of blood vessel is taken from the patient’s leg, arm, or chest and used to create a new passage for the flow of blood to the cardiac muscle, bypassing the blocked area

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66
Q

What gives rise to the name of the surgery?

coronary bypass surgery

A

The number of bypass grafts gives rise to the name of the surgery, so a ‘triple heart bypass’ would mean three new bypass grafts being attached

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67
Q

What is the difference between the pressure and direction of the blood carried by veins and arteries?

A

A- Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart

V - Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart

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68
Q

What is the difference between the type of blood carried by veins and arteries?

A

A - Carry oxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary artery)

V - Carry deoxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary vein)

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69
Q

What is the difference between the walls of veins and arteries?

A

A - Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres

V - Have thin walls

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70
Q

What is the difference between the lumen of veins and arteries?

A

A - Have a narrow lumen

V - Have a large lumen

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71
Q

What is the difference between the flow of blood carried by veins and arteries?

A

A - Speed of flow is fast

V - Speed of flow is slow

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72
Q

What is one feature that veins have that arteries do not?

A

VALVES

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73
Q

What are 5 features of capillaries?

A

Carry blood at low pressure within tissues
Carry both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Have walls that are one cell thick
Have ‘leaky’ walls
Speed of flow is slow

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74
Q

How is an artery adapted to its function?

A

Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibres to withstand high pressure of blood and maintain the blood pressure as it recoils after the blood has passed through

Have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure

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75
Q

How is a vein adapted to its function?

A

Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low

Contain valves to prevent the back-flow of blood as it is under low pressure

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76
Q

How is a capillary adapted to its function?

A

Have walls that are one cell thick so that substances can easily diffuse in and out of them
Have ‘leaky’ walls so that blood plasma can leak out and form tissue fluid surrounding cells

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77
Q

What happens to arteries as they get further away from the heart?

A

As arteries divide more as they get further away from the heart, they get narrower

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78
Q

What are arterioles?

A

The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called arterioles

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79
Q

What happens to veins as they get further away from the heart?

A

Veins also get narrower the further away they are from the heart

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80
Q

What are venules?

A

The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called venules

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81
Q

What does the cardiovascular system sometimes need to do during exercise or when we are hot?

A

Sometimes the cardiovascular system needs to redistribute the blood to specific areas of the body

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82
Q

Why does the cardiovascular system needs to redistribute the blood to specific areas of the body during exercise?

A

More of it goes to the working muscles and less of it goes to other body organs such as the digestive system

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83
Q

Why does the cardiovascular system needs to redistribute the blood to specific areas of the body when we are hot?

A

When we are hot, more blood flows through the surface of the skin and when we are cold less blood flows through the surface of the skin

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84
Q

What is the redirection of blood flow caused by?

A

This redirection of blood flow is caused by the use of a vascular shunt vessel

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85
Q

What can shunt vessels do?

A

The shunt vessels can open or close to control the amount of blood flowing to a specific area

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86
Q

What is the vein carrying blood from the lungs to the heart called?

A

Pulmonary vein

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87
Q

What is the artery carrying blood from the heart to the body called?

A

aorta

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88
Q

What is the artery carrying blood from the heart to the liver called?

A

hepatic artery

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89
Q

What is the artery carrying blood from the heart to the gut (intestines) called?

A

Mesenteric artery

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90
Q

What is the artery carrying blood from the heart to the kidneys called?

A

renal artery

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91
Q

What is the vein carrying blood from the kidneys to the heart called?

A

renal vein

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92
Q

What is the vein carrying blood from the liver to the heart called?

A

hepatic vein

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93
Q

What is the vein carrying blood from the body to the heart called?

A

vena cava

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94
Q

What is the vein carrying blood from the gut (intestines) to the liver called?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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95
Q

What is the artery carrying blood from the heart to the lungs called?

A

pulmonary artery

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96
Q

What can happen as a result of the capillary walls being so thin?

A

The walls of the capillaries are so thin that water, dissolved solutes and dissolved gases easily leak out of them / pass through the walls from the plasma into the tissue fluid surrounding the cells

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97
Q

What is the purpose of the tissue fluid?

A

Cells exchange materials (such as water, oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, mineral ions) across their cell membranes with the tissue fluid surrounding them by diffusion, osmosis or active transport

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98
Q

What happens to the excess fluid surrounding the capillaries?

A

More fluid leaks out of the capillaries than is returned to them, and this excess of leaked fluid surrounding the capillaries then passes into the lymphatic system, becoming lymph fluid

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99
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

The lymphatic system is formed from a series of tubes which flow from tissues back to the heart

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100
Q

What does the lymph system connect with? Why?

A

It connects with the blood system near to the heart, where lymph fluid is returned to the blood plasma

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101
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Lymph nodes are small clusters of lymphatic tissue found throughout the lymphatic system, especially in the neck and armpits

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102
Q

What is found in lymph nodes?

A

Large numbers of lymphocytes are found in lymph nodes

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103
Q

What produces lymphocytes?

A

Tissues associated with the lymphatic system, such as bone marrow, produce these lymphocytes

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104
Q

What is the role of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes play an important role in defending the body against infection

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105
Q

What does blood contain? (4)

A

Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

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106
Q

What is the structure of red blood cells?

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus but plenty of the protein haemoglobin

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107
Q

What is the structure of white blood cells?

A

Large cells containing a big nucleus, different types have slightly different structures and functions

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108
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

Fragments of cells

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109
Q

What is the structure of plasma?

A

straw coloured liquid

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110
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells are part of the body’s immune system, defending against infection by pathogenic microorganisms

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111
Q

What are the two main types of white blood cells?

A

There are two main types, phagocytes and lymphocytes

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112
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

Carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens

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113
Q
  1. How do phagocytes detect pathogens?
A

Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced by pathogenic cells

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114
Q
  1. What do phagocytes do once they encounter a pathogenic cell?
A

Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes to digest it

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115
Q

How can phagocytes be recognised? (using a microscope)

A

They can be easily recognised under the microscope by their multi-lobed nucleus and their granular cytoplasm

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116
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antitoxins to neutralise toxins released by pathogens

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117
Q

How can lymphocytes be recognised? (using a microscope)

A

They can easily be recognised under the microscope by their large round nucleus which takes up nearly the whole cell and their clear, non-granular cytoplasm

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118
Q

Why is plasma important?

A

Plasma is important for the transport of carbon dioxide, digested food (nutrients), urea, mineral ions, hormones and heat energy

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119
Q

What is the role of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells which require it for aerobic respiration

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120
Q

In what form do red blood cells transport oxygen?

A

They carry the oxygen in the form of oxyhaemoglobin

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121
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production

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122
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Platelets are fragments of cells which are involved in blood clotting and forming scabs where skin has been cut or punctured

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123
Q

Why is blood clotting important?

A

Blood clotting prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds

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124
Q

Why is scab formation important?

A

Scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble patch that prevents entry of microorganisms that could cause infection

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125
Q

For how long do scabs remain?

A

It remains in place until new skin has grown underneath it, sealing the skin again

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126
Q
  1. What happens when the skin is broken?
    blood clotting
A

When the skin is broken (i.e. there is a wound) platelets arrive to stop the bleeding

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127
Q
  1. Where do the series of reactions involved in blood clotting take place?
A

A series of reactions occur within the blood plasma

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128
Q
  1. What types of chemicals do platelets release? What do these chemicals do?
A

Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot

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129
Q
  1. What happens to the clot once the process is over?
A

The clot eventually dries and develops into a scab to protect the wound from bacteria entering

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130
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

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131
Q

Fish have a single circulatory system. What does this mean?

A

This means that their heart only has two chambers (consisting of an upper atrium and a lower ventricle), and
blood passes through the heart only once on its circuit around the body.

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132
Q

Why do fish not have lungs?

A

Oxygen is absorbed as blood
passes the gills, thus fish do not have lungs.

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133
Q

Describe the pathway of blood with the single circulatory system in fish.

A

Heart → gills → body → heart.

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134
Q

Mammals have a double circulatory system. What does this mean?

A

This means that for every one circuit of the body, the blood passes through the heart twice. This means that the mammalian heart must have four chambers to keep oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood separate.

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135
Q

What is the purpose of the right side of a mammalian heart?

A

The right side of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs (the pulmonary circulation).

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136
Q

What is the purpose of the left side of a mammalian heart?

A

The left side of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body (the systemic circulation).

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137
Q

What is the advantage of a double circulatory system?

A

Double circulatory systems can maintain a higher blood pressure which increases the speed at which the blood flows so nutrients can be delivered and waste can be removed more quickly.

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138
Q

In what direction from the heart is blood pumped in arteries and veins?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart in arteries and returns to the heart in viens.

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139
Q

How can heart activity be monitored?

A

Heart activity can be monitored by using an ECG, measuring pulse rate, or listening to the sounds of valves closing using a stethoscope.

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140
Q

How are heart rate/ pulse rate and breathing rate measured?

A

Heart rate (and pulse rate) is measured in beats per minute.
Breathing rate can be measured by counting the number of breaths per minute.

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141
Q

State the effect of physical exercise on heart rate.

A

Physical exercise increase heart rate.

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142
Q

Explain the effect of physical exercise on heart rate.

A

When physical activity is carried out, muscles respire to release energy for movement. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen, thus the heart rate
speeds up so that blood is pumped around the body more quickly, allowing more oxygen to be delivered to respiring tissues and removing the carbon dioxide quickly.

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143
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease is caused by a buildup of cholesterol in the coronary artery which narrows the artery thus limiting blood flow to the heart.

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144
Q

What are the five common risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

Poor diet ( too much-saturated fat and cholesterol).
Poor lifestyle (lack of exercise, smoking, obesity, stress).
Age - as you get older the risk of getting coronary heart disease increases.
Gender - males are more likely.
Genetic disposition.

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145
Q

Reducing the risks of developing coronary heart disease:

A

Diet - reduce animal fats, salty foods and stop drinking and smoking and eat more fruits and vegetables.
Exercise regularly - exercise can reduce the risk of CHD, as it increases the blood supply to the heart and reduces cholesterol levels.

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146
Q

Explain the relative thickness of the muscle walls of the left and right ventricles.

A

The wall of the left ventricle is much thicker than the right side, as it must be able to pump blood at high pressure around the entire body, rather than just to the lungs.

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147
Q

Explain the relative thickness of the muscle walls of the atria compared to those of the ventricles.

A

The ventricles need to pump blood at a higher pressure to pump it out and round the body and to the lungs whereas the atria only need to pump the blood to the ventricles (a shorter distance) so do not need to generate as high of a pressure.

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148
Q

Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

A

The left and right sides of the heart are separated by the septum, which makes sure that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood remains separate.

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149
Q

What is the function of the heart (step-by-step)?

A

Deoxygenated blood coming from the body flows into the right atrium via the vena cava
The right atrium contracts and blood moves through a one-way valve (tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle.
The ventricle contracts and blood exits the heart through a one-way valve (semilunar valve) to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Blood becomes oxygenated in the lungs and then returns to the heart via the pulmonary vein, entering the left atrium.
The left atrium contracts and blood moves through a one-way valve (bicuspid valve) into the left ventricle.
The left ventricle contracts and oxygenated blood exits the heart past the semilunar valve through the aorta (artery) and travels around the body, becoming deoxygenated.

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150
Q

Give the summarized functioning of the heart.

A

Vena cava → Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → The body.

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151
Q

State the name of the main type of tissue that forms the wall of the heart.

A

Cardiac muscle.

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152
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of

A

Blood
Blood vessels
Heart
Valves that make sure the blood is flowing in the right direction

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153
Q

What does double circulatory system mean?

A

The blood passes through the heart twice on one complete circuit of the body.

154
Q

Where is a double circulatory system found?

A

All mammals and in birds and reptiles

155
Q

What does a single circulatory system mean?

A

The blood passes through the heart only once on a complete circuit

156
Q

Which animal has a single circulatory system?

A

Fish

157
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

To pump blood around the body.

158
Q

What is the heart made of?

A

It is made of a special type of muscle called cardiac muscle which contracts and relaxes

159
Q

What are the two upper chambers called?

A

Atria

160
Q

What are the two lower chambers called?

A

Ventricles

161
Q

What separates the two sides of the heart?

A

The septum

162
Q

What contracts first and what happens?

A

The walls of the atria and force blood into the ventricles

163
Q

What contracts after the atria?

A

The ventricles and they send blood to the arteries

164
Q

What do valves do?

A

They prevent blood flowing backwards during or after heart contractions

165
Q

What is the heart muscle supplied with?

A

Food and oxygen by the coronary arteries

166
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein come from?

A

The lungs

167
Q

Where does the vena cava come from?

A

The rest of the body

168
Q

Where does the aorta go?

A

Takes the blood around the body

169
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery go?

A

To the lungs

170
Q

Name the two blood vessels on the right side of the heart

A

vena cava and pulmonary artery

171
Q

Name the two blood vessels on the left side of the heart

A

aorta and pulmonary vein

172
Q

Why does the artery have a thick layer of muscle?

A

To withstand high pressure

173
Q

What is the function of the atria?

A

Atria receives blood and supply it to the ventricles

174
Q

What is the function of the ventricles?

A

Ventricles pump blood out of the heart and around the body. Ventricles have much thicker more muscular walls than the atria.

175
Q

What is the pressure of the right ventricle?

A

Low pressure as it pumps to the lungs

176
Q

What helps the left ventricle pump blood?

A

The thick wall of muscle as it has to pump blood around the body.

177
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

Valves that separate each atrium from the ventricle

178
Q

What is the valve called on the left side of the heart?

A

Bicuspid valve

179
Q

What is the valve called on the right side of the heart?

A

Tricuspid valve

180
Q

What happens to the valves when the ventricles contract?

A

The pressure of the blood pushes the valves upwards. The tendons attached to them stop from going up too far.

181
Q

What valves are found in the pulmonary artery and the aorta?

A

Semi-lunar valves

182
Q

Describe the blood flow

A

Blood from the body- vena cava- right atrium-tricuspid valve-right ventricle-pulmonary semi lunar valve- pulmonary artery- lungs -pulmonary veins-left atrium-bicuspid valve-left ventricle-aortic semi lunar valve- aorta- body

183
Q

What is the average bpm?

A

60 to 75

184
Q

What instrument allows you to hear the heartbeat?

A

the stethoscope

185
Q

What causes the sound of the heart beating?

A

Valves closing
first lub sound is from the valves that separate the atria and ventricles
second dub sound is from the valves at the entrance of the aorta and pulmonary artery

186
Q

What is systole?

A

The heart muscle contracting, becoming smaller and pushing blood out

187
Q

What is diastole?

A

The muscles relax becomes larger and blood flows in.

188
Q

What causes a pulse?

A

The expansion and relaxation of an artery caused by the heart pushing blood through it.

189
Q

How can you record the activity of the heart in a hospital?

A

ECG- electrocardiography- little electrodes stuck onto a person’ body

190
Q

Why does the heart beat faster during exercise?

A

Muscles require oxygen for respiration in order to release energy.

191
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When a healthy coronary artery is narrowed by atheroma so blood flow is restricted. The heart muscle is deprived of glucose and oxygen and toxins such as lactic acid builds up.

192
Q

Risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing CHD

A

a diet full of cholesterol, saturated fats, sugar
tobacco cigarettes
being a man
inherited genetic heart disease
drinking excessively
too much stress raises blood pressure

193
Q

How can someone with CHD be treated?

A

Regular does of aspirin which prevents the formation of blood clots

194
Q

What is a stent?

A

A little mesh tube inserted in the artery to keep it open

195
Q

In terms of surgery, how can you prevent CHD?

A

stent
angioplasty
coronary bypass operation

196
Q

What is angioplasty?

A

A tiny balloon is inserted and inflated using water to push the artery open

197
Q

What is coronary bypass operation?

A

Severely damaged coronary artery can be replaced with a length of blood vessel taken from another part of the body

198
Q

How can you prevent CHD?

A

Avoid smoking
intake of nitroglycerin
diet low in sugar and saturated fat
exercising a few times a week- aerobic and strength training
no excessive consumption of alcohol
blood pressure under control

199
Q

How does smoking increase the likelihood of getting CHD?

A

Smoking increases the formation of plaque in blood vessels and may be blocked with a clot.

200
Q

What are the main blood vessels in the heart?

A

Vena Cava,
aorta
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein

201
Q

What are the main blood vessels in the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

202
Q

What are the main blood vessels in the kidney?

A

Renal artery and renal vein

203
Q

What are the main blood vessels in the liver?

A

Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

204
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The fluid leaking out of capillaries

205
Q

Why do capillaries leak?

A

Their cells in their walls do not fit together. Plasma can leak out from the blood. WBC can also get through these gaps. RBC cannot get out.

206
Q

What does tissue fluid supply cells?

A

Oxygen and nutrients which diffuse from the blood

Waste products diffuse in the opposite direction

207
Q

What drains into the lymphatic capillaries?

A

tissue fluid

208
Q

What is lymph?

A

The tissue fluid that drains into the lymphatic capillaries

209
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries join up to be?

A

They form larger lymphatic vessels which carry lymph to the subclavian veins

210
Q

What are subclavian veins?

A

They bring blood back from the arms.

211
Q

Describe the structure of lymph vessels

A

They have valves

212
Q

Describe the movement of lymph

A

Moves slower than blood.

213
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Where lymphocytes are stored

214
Q

Where are lymphocytes released?

A

Into the lymph to eventually reach the blood system

215
Q

What are the functions of lymphatic system?

A

Return fluid to heart
Helps large molecules enter the blood
immune surveillance

216
Q

What is the function of the artery?

A

Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart

217
Q

What is the structure of the arteries?

A

Thicker outer wall

Thicker layer of muscle and elastic fibres

218
Q

What is the width of the arteries lumen?

A

Relatively narrow- it stretches and recoils

219
Q

How does the structure fit the arteries function?

A

Thick walls withstand high blood pressure

rings of muscle control the blood flow in it according to the body’s need

220
Q

What is the structure of the capillaries?

A

very thin- one cell thick

221
Q

What is the function of the capillaries?

A

Takes nutrients, oxygen and other materials to the cells and take away waste materials

222
Q

What is the width of the capillaries lumen?

A

Very small

223
Q

How does the structure fit the capillaries function?

A

thin walls all blood to have close contact with body tissues
substances diffuse into and out due to thin walls

224
Q

What is the function of the veins?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the tissues to the heart

225
Q

What is the structure of veins?

A

Quite thin- contain less muscle and elastic tissue

226
Q

What is the veins width of lumen?

A

Wide central tube and has valves

227
Q

How does the structure fit the veins structure?

A

Large diameter and thin walls reduce resistance to the flow of blood. They have valves in order to prevent back flow
few muscle and elastic fibers because there is low blood pressure

228
Q

What is the structure of plasma?

A

Straw colored liquid- mostly water

229
Q

What is the structure of the red blood cells?

A

Contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen
biconcave shape to provide a large surface area for diffusion of oxygen
No nucleus to provide space\
small size means they can go through capillaries

230
Q

What is the structure of white blood cells?

A

Variable shapes with nucleus

Sensitive cell surface membrane to detect easily microorganisms

231
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

Cell fragments with no nucleus

232
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport co2
Transport nutrients
Transport urea
Transport hormones
Transport heat
Transport proteins
Transport antibodies

233
Q

What is the function of the red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen

prepare carbon dioxide for transport

234
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Fight and remove pathogens by
releasing antibodies
engulfing microorganisms

235
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Convert fibrinogen to fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps blood. Important in blood clotting and scab formation.

236
Q

Advantages of double circulatory system

A

Blood flow loses pressure in mammal’s lungs so this low pressure blood is delivered to heart to raise the blood pressure again. This increases speed at which oxygen and nutrients are supplied.

237
Q

What is the purpose of clotting?

A

Prevent excess blood loss

Prevent the entry of pathogens

238
Q

What are veins

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart under low pressure and velocity

239
Q

The arteries that branch out into smaller vessels are called …

A

arterioles

240
Q

The veins that branch out into smaller vessels are called …

A

venules

241
Q

What are capillaries

A

Capillaries are very small vessels linking to the arterioles and the venules. They branch out many times and lie in the tissues of the body, amongst the cells. They have a very small diameter but the walls are thin.
It is here that diffusion of substance occurs between blood and the fluid which surrounds the cells.

242
Q

What colour is oxygenated blood usually represented as ?

A

Red.

It is actually dark red

243
Q

What colour is deoxygenated blood usually represented as?

A

Blue.

It is actually a light red

244
Q

What are the lymphatic vessels for?

A

The fluid that inevitably leaks out of thin walled capillaries is collected by the lymphatic vessels and eventually drains back into the bloodstream

245
Q

What are arteries

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart under high pressure and velocity

246
Q

Pulmonary is to do with …

A

Lungs

247
Q

Hepatic is to do with ..

A

Liver

248
Q

Renal is to do with ..

A

Kidneys

249
Q

What is the lumen

A

The space inside a blood vessel

250
Q

What is the structure of an artery

A

Round shape
Thick outer wall
Thick layer of muscle + elastic fibres (so that it can recoil and doesn’t burst)
Smooth lining
Small lumen

251
Q

What is the structure of a vein

A

Misshapen
Fairly thin outer wall
Thin layer of muscle & elastic fibres
Smooth lining
Large lumen

252
Q

What is the structure of a capillary (all cells are very close to a capillary)

A

Very small lumen

Wall made of a single layer of cells (so that diffusion happens quickly and easily)

253
Q

Why do we need a circulatory system

A

To ensure all cells have fresh nutrients and that waste products are removed

254
Q

What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

255
Q

All mammals have a double circulatory system. What does this mean?

A

For every complete circuit of the body, the blood passes through the heart twice

256
Q

Coronary is to do with …

A

The heart

257
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes and phagocytes

258
Q

Describe a phagocyte (appearance)

A

Weirdly shaped,
Lobed nucleus
Grainy cytoplasm (sacks of enzymes that digest materials/pathogens taken into the cell)

259
Q

How do lymphocytes work?

A

Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies to fight particular pathogens. The antibody slots into the pathogen in a lock and key way. Lymphocytes remember which antibodies to produce so if the pathogen returns it can be fought off quickly as the lymphocyte will produce them quickly

260
Q

How do phagocytes work?

A

Phagocytes ingest pathogens and then digest them

261
Q

What does blood contain?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

262
Q

Why do larger organisms have respiratory systems e.t.c but unicellular organisms don’t

A

Larger organism need help with diffusion because their volume to surface area ration is smaller

263
Q

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

A

Heart, blood and blood vessels

264
Q

Hepatic vein and artery are connected to what?

A

The liver

265
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein connect?

A

The ileum to the liver

266
Q

What do the renal vein and artery connect to?

A

The kidneys

267
Q

What are the two vena cavas?

A

Vena cava from head

Vena cava from body

268
Q

Why is the circulatory system called a double circulatory system?

A

It passed through the heart twice.

269
Q

What does plasma do?

A

Plasma is a straw-coloured liquid. It transports dissolved substances around the body, including:
hormones
nutrients, such as water, glucose, amino acids, minerals and vitamins
waste substances, such as carbon dioxide and urea
Red blood cells

270
Q

Adaptions of red blood cells

A

Flexible membrane
Dip in middle gives a high surface area to volume ratio so lots of exchange sites
No nucleus so can keep more haemoglobin which carries oxygen

271
Q

How do vaccinations work?

A

A damaged or dead virus is injected into the body. It results in the manufacturing of memory cells which enables future antibody production to the pathogen to occur sooner, faster and in greater quality

272
Q

Platelets are involved in blood clotting. Why do we need blood clots?

A

Prevents blood loss and entry of microorganisms into the body

273
Q

Process of blood clotting?

A

Damage platelets which starts a series of reactions, fibrinogen (made in liver, present in plasma. Large protein) goes to fibrin (insoluble thread which form clots)
FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN

274
Q

General points in arteries

A

Arteries carry blood away from the heart
Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery)
Arteries tend to be deeper in the body for protection (blood loss from a would in an artery would be fatal as there is high pressured blood)

275
Q

General points about veins

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart
Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein)
Veins near the surface of the skin. Appear blue but the blood they carry is actually dark red

276
Q

What muscle contracts and releases to make pump blood around the body

A

The heart

277
Q

What is the valve found between the right atrium and right ventricle

A

Tricuspid

278
Q

The valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

A

Bicuspid

279
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart

A

Left ventricle and left atrium, right ventricle and right atrium

280
Q

What general term is sometimes used to describe both the sets of valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves

281
Q

What stops the valves being turned inside out when the ventricles contract

A

Tendons supporting the valves

282
Q

What general term describes the valves found just inside the aorta and pulmonary artery

A

Semilunar

283
Q

What is the function of the semilunar valves

A

To keep the blood flowing in the right direction

284
Q

What factors could lead to heart disease

A

Blockages in cardiac/coronary blood supply caused by fatty deposits and can also occur in other blood vessels.
Lifestyles like lack of exercise can lead to obesity, as well as a poor diet (high in fat) smoking and Gentiles diseases.

285
Q

What factors could change heart rate

A

Heart rate can change during exercise and the influence of adrenaline

286
Q

Why is cardiac muscle special?

A

It never tires and contracts and relaxes regularly throughout life

287
Q

What is the heart made of

A

Cardiac muscle

288
Q

Describe the structure of arteries:

The relative thickness of the wall.
The diameter of the lumen.
Blood type and exceptions.
The pressure of blood.

A

Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibers.
Have a narrow lumen to maintain high pressure.
Carry oxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary artery).
Carry blood at high pressure away from the heart.

289
Q

Describe the structure of veins:

The relative thickness of the wall.
The diameter of the lumen.
Blood type and exceptions.
The pressure of blood.

A

Have thin walls.
Have a large lumen as blood pressure is low.
Contains valves.
Carry deoxygenated blood (other than the pulmonary vein).
Carry blood at low pressure towards the heart.

290
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries:

The relative thickness of the wall.
The diameter of the lumen.
Blood type and exceptions.
The pressure of blood.

A

Have walls that are one cell thick.
Very small lumen.
Carry both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.
Carry blood at low pressure within tissues.

291
Q

What are the functions of capillaries?

A

Capillaries are thin blood vessels that are used to exchange substances with tissues, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other nutrients.

292
Q

Explain how the structure of the capillaries is related to their function.

A

Capillaries have walls that are one cell thick and have a small lumen too keep short diffusion distances so substances can easily diffuse in and out of them
Capillaries have a large area and are branched.

293
Q

Explain how the structure of arteries is related to the pressure of the blood that they transport.

A

Have thick muscular walls containing elastic fibers to withstand the high pressure of blood.

294
Q

Explain how the structure of veins is related to the pressure of the blood that they transport.

A

Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it is under low pressure.

295
Q

What carries blood back towards and away from the heart?

A

Towards heart: Vena cava, Pulmonary vein.

Away from heart: Aorta, Pulmonary artery.

296
Q

What carries blood back towards and away from the heart from the liver?

A

Towards heart: Hepatic vein.

Away from heart: Hepatic artery.

Takes blood from digestive system to liver: Hepatic portal vein.

297
Q

What carries blood back towards and away from the heart from the lung?

A

Towards heart: Pulmonary artery.

Away from heart: Pulmonary vein.

298
Q

What carries blood back towards and away from the heart from the kidney?

A

Towards heart: Renal artery.

Away from heart: Renal vein.

299
Q

List the components of blood.

A

Red blood cells.
White blood cells.
Platelets.
Plasma.

300
Q

What is the structure of a red blood cell?

A

Biconcave discs containing no nucleus for more space for the red pigmented protein hemoglobin.

301
Q

What is the structure of a white blood cell?

A

Large cells containing a large/lobed nucleus.

302
Q

What is the structure of platelets?

A

Small fragments of cells.

303
Q

What is the structure of plasma?

A

The liquid in blood vessels which contains blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones, water and carbon dioxide.

304
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Red blood cells transport oxygen around the body from the lungs to cells that require it for aerobic respiration.

305
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

White blood cells defend the body against infection by pathogens by carrying out phagocytosis and antibody production.

306
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocytes.
Phagocytes.

307
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Platelets are involved in helping the blood clot.

308
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Plasma is important for the transport of waste products, soluble nutrients, mineral ions, hormones, and heat energy.

309
Q

What are the roles of blood clotting?

A

Blood clotting prevents blood loss and the entry of pathogens.

310
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

The process by which a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell) engulfs and destroys pathogens.

311
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes and phagocytes?

A

Lymphocytes - antibody production.

Phagocytes - engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis.

312
Q

What is the process of clotting?

A

Platelets release chemicals that cause soluble fibrinogen proteins to convert into insoluble fibrin and form an insoluble mesh across the wound, trapping red blood cells and therefore forming a clot.

313
Q

What is the purpose of blood clotting?

A

Blood clotting prevents continued / significant blood loss from wounds.
Prevents entry of microorganisms that could cause infection.

314
Q

circulatory system

A

a system of blood vessels with a pump (the heart) and valves that ensure the
one-way flow of blood.

315
Q

Single Circulation

A

Fish have single circulatory systems. In such systems, blood passes through the
the heart only once in one complete circulation.

316
Q

Double circulation

A

This means that blood flows through
the heart twice in one complete circulation

317
Q

mammals have a

A

double circulatory system

318
Q

how does deoxygenated blood entering the right ventricle reach the lungs

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
and is then pumped to the lungs, where it is oxygenated. It then returns to the left
and is then pumped around the body

319
Q

Double circulatory systems transport
substances faster than

A

single ones

320
Q

septum

A

prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, maintains high blood pressure

321
Q

Order of thickness

A

1)Left ventricle
2)Right ventricle
3)Atria

322
Q

The left ventricle

A

pumps blood the furthest (all around the body), so thickest walls.

323
Q

The right ventricle

A

pumps to the lungs, closer to the heart

324
Q

Atria

A

pump only within the heart, so the wall is the least thickest

325
Q

All chambers of the heart relax,
and

A

blood flows into the heart.

326
Q

Atria contract and ventricles are
relaxed,

A

blood moves into
ventricles
Atrioventricular valves close,
preventing backflow into the
atria

327
Q

After the atria relax, the
ventricles contract

A

pumping
blood into arteries
Semilunar valves then close,
preventing backflow into the
ventricles

328
Q

Heart rate can be monitored using an

A

electrocardiogram (ECG) , pulse rate, and hearing the sound of the valves opening and closing

329
Q

During exercise

A

muscles require more energy from respiration to contract.
Therefore the heart beats faster. As a result, arteries dilate (widen), increasing blood flow.
This results in:
● Increase in supplies of O 2 and glucose
● Increase in the removal of CO 2

330
Q

pulse rate.

A

The number of heartbeats in a minute

331
Q

Resting pulse rate

A

gives an idea of a person’s
fitness. Always link to oxygen debt, lactic acid, and anaerobic respiration

332
Q

Coronary arteries transport

A

blood to these heart muscles,

333
Q

heart muscles

A

require O 2 and glucose for respiration.

334
Q

Coronary heart disease (CHD

A

The narrowing of coronary arteries as a result of excess cholesterol sticking to the wall is known as atherosclerosis. Artery walls become rough and platelets in the blood clot block the vessel, forming a thrombosis. A total thrombosis of the coronary artery means that no oxygen gets to the heart muscles,and the heart stops beating altogether. This is known as cardiac arrest

335
Q

causes of CHD

A

high cholesterol diet, a lack of exercise, smoking, and stress

336
Q

factors that make CHD unavoidable

A

genetic predisposition, age, and gender

337
Q

CHD Treatment

A

❖ Coronary artery bypass
➢ An artery from another part of the body (arms or legs) is taken and attached above and below the
blocked area. Several grafts may be required if it is a serious case.
❖ Angioplasty - A balloon is inflated to widen the artery, and a stent holds it in place
❖ Aspirin - thins the blood

338
Q

important arteries and veins in the heart

A

Heart -> Coronary artery -> heart muscles -> coronary vein -> heart

339
Q

important arteries and veins in lungs

A

Heart -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vein -> heart

340
Q

important arteries and veins in liver

A

Heart -> aorta -> hepatic artery -> liver -> hepatic vein -> vena cava -> heart

341
Q

important arteries and veins in the kidney

A

Heart -> aorta -> renal artery -> kidneys -> renal vein -> vena cava -> heart

342
Q

important arteries and veins in the small intestine

A

Heart -> aorta -> mesenteric artery -> small intestine -> hepatic portal vein -> liver -> hepatic vein -> vena cava -> heart

343
Q

3 types of blood vessels

A

1) arteries
2) veins
3) capillaries

344
Q

arteries structure

A

● Thick, muscular wall consisting
of muscles and elastic tissues allowing it to stretch and recoil
● Narrow lumen, to maintain high blood pressure

345
Q

arteries function

A

● To withstand blood pressure,
preventing bursting of the blood vessel
● Ensuring the one-way flow of blood

346
Q

veins structure

A

● Thin walls with little fibrous and muscular tissue
● wider lumen to transport large volumes of blood
● Contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

347
Q

veins function

A

● Necessity for a thick wall is
gone as blood pressure has
been lost
● Less resistance to blood flow
● Valves prevent backflow

348
Q

CAPILLARIES structure

A

● One cell thick walls
● Narrow enough for one RBC to
get through only

349
Q

capillaries function

A

● Reduce substances’ diffusion
distance
● Vessels can squeeze around
every cell in the body

350
Q

Arterioles

A

branches of arteries, which allows the transport of blood to all parts of the body

351
Q

Venules

A

branches that connect to veins, which receive ‘used’ blood from all parts of the body

352
Q

Shunt vessels

A

vessels that direct blood directly from an artery to a vein

353
Q

circulatory system

A

system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

354
Q

In single circulation of fish

A

The blood passes through the heart once for one
complete circuit. It moves from the heart to the gills and then to the rest of the body.

355
Q

Mammals have double circulatory system

A

One pulmonary loop and one systematic
loop happens in mammals. Blood passes through the heart twice for one complete
circuit.

356
Q

Advantage of double circulation

A

high(er), blood pressure / flow rate (than single circulation) ;
allows different blood pressure in each loop ;
prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood ;
allows animals to have high metabolic rates ;
allows animals to be, large / tall ;

357
Q

Blood is pumped away from the heart in

A

arteries and returns to the heart in veins.

358
Q

ECG, pulse rate and listening to
sounds of valves closing.

A

ECG, pulse rate and listening to
sounds of valves closing.

359
Q

Coronary heart disease is the blockage of

A

coronary arteries

360
Q

diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and sex.

A

diet, lack of exercise, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and sex.

361
Q

helps to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease

A

Balanced diet and exercise,They
reduce stress, lower blood pressure, make heart muscles stronger.

362
Q

Atria

A

receives blood from either the lungs or the body and supply it to the ventricles. The ventricles pump blood out of the heart and all around the body. So pressure applied by the ventricles must be high. To help them do this, the ventricles have much thicker, more muscular walls than the atria.

363
Q

The right ventricle

A

pumps blood to the lungs, which are very close to the heart

364
Q

The left ventricle,

A

however, pumps blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle has an
especially thick wall of muscle to enable it to do this.

365
Q

Septum

A

separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart.

366
Q

As physical activity increases heart rate increase because

A

muscles contract more.
Muscles require more energy. More aerobic respiration takes place. More oxygen is
required. More blood is required to be transported to muscles for more oxygen.
Heart beats faster to supply more oxygen to the muscles.

367
Q

Arteries:

A

Have thick walls
The diameter of lumen is small
No valves are present

368
Q

Veins

A

Have relative thin walls
Diameter of lumen is large
Valves are present to prevent back flow of blood.

369
Q

Blood pressure in arteries is

A

high because it has just been forced out of the heart by
the contraction of muscles of the ventricles. Arteries need very strong walls to
withstand this high pressure.

370
Q

Blood in arteries doesn’t flow smoothly, it

A

pulses through. When ventricles contract
pressure in arteries is high and when ventricles relax pressure in arteries is reduced.
Arteries have elastic tissues in their walls which can stretch and recoil with the force
of the blood making the blood flow smoother.

371
Q

Capillaries

A

very small and penetrate to every part of the body so that they can reach every cell.

372
Q

The function of the capillaries is to

A

take nutrients, oxygen and other materials to all the
cells in the body, and to take away their waste materials. To do this, their walls must
be very thin so that substances can get in and out of the capillaries easily.

373
Q

Veins function

A

return blood to the heart.

374
Q

veins adaptation

A

Walls of veins (muscle and elastic tissue) are thin because there is no need for
strong walls as most of the blood pressure has been lost.
They have a wide lumen because it offers less resistance to blood flow.
Contain valves, that prevent backflow of blood.

375
Q

Components of blood are

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

376
Q

Red blood cells function

A

transporting oxygen. Haemoglobin is present in RBC and it combines with oxygen transports it.

377
Q

White blood cells function

A

phagocytosis and antibody production

378
Q

Platelets function

A

clotting

379
Q

Plasma function

A

transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and
carbon dioxide

380
Q

The roles of blood clotting are

A

preventing blood loss and prevent entry of pathogens.

381
Q

Lymphocytes have

A

one big nucleus which covers almost the entire cell. Phagocytes
have a nucleus that divides into small connected balls.

382
Q

Function of lymphocytes

A

is antibody production

Biology Flashcards (20 decks)

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