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Biology Flashcards > 20. Human Influences on Ecosystems + 21. Biotechnology and genetic modification > Flashcards

20. Human Influences on Ecosystems + 21. Biotechnology and genetic modification Flashcards

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1
Q

What has increased food supply?

A

Modern technology

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2
Q

In what 4 ways has modern technology helped increase food supply?

A

agricultural machinery
chemical fertilisers
insecticides and herbicides
selective breeding

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3
Q

How has agricultural machinery helped increase food supply?

A

Agricultural machinery has replaced humans and improved efficiency due to the ability to farm much larger areas of land

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4
Q

How have chemical fertilisers helped increase food supply?

A

Chemical fertilisers improve yields – fertilisers increase the amount of nutrients in the soil for plants, meaning that they can grow larger and produce more fruit

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5
Q

How have insecticides and herbicides helped increase food supply?

A

Insecticides and herbicides – these chemicals kill off unwanted insects and weed species, meaning that there is less damage done to plants and fruit lost to insects (insecticides), as well as reducing competition from other plant species (herbicides)

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6
Q

How has selective breeding helped increase food supply?

A

Selective breeding – animals and crop plants which produce a large yield are selectively bred to produce breeds that reliably produce high yields

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7
Q

What is monoculture?

A

Monoculture farming means that on a given area of agricultural land only one type of crop is grown (eg trees for palm oil grown in Indonesian rainforest)

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8
Q

What is a problem with monoculture relating to biodiversity?

A

This large scale growth of a single variety of plant does not happen naturally in ecosystems, where there are usually many different species of plants growing which, in turn, support many species of animals (high biodiversity)

In monocultures, biodiversity is much lower

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9
Q

What is a problem with monoculture relating to pests?

A

Another issue with monocultures is the increase in pest populations – if a particular pest feeds on a crop, farming it in large areas repeatedly means there is an ample supply of food for the pest, causing the population to increase

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10
Q

What is a problem with monoculture relating to insecticides?

A

Often farmers will spray insecticides onto crops in order to control the pests. This leads to:
harmless insects being killed as well
pollution by pesticides (which are often persistent chemicals which accumulate in food chains)
in many instances where they are used repeatedly for specific pests, the pests may eventually become resistant to them, reducing their effectiveness

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11
Q

What is a problem with farming livestock In developed countries?

A

In developed countries, large numbers of livestock are often kept in an area that would not normally be able to support more than a very small number

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12
Q

What are these livestock given which is harmful?

A

They are often

fed high energy foods,
regularly given medication such as antibiotics as a preventative measure against disease and
kept in artificially warm temperatures and small spaces that do not allow for much movement

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13
Q

What are 3 ecological issues involved with intensive farming?

A

reduction in biodiversity in areas where large amounts of land are used to graze cattle (as only grass is grown so in effect it becomes a monoculture)
overgrazing can lead to soil erosion
large numbers of cattle produce large amounts of methane, a greenhouse gas

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14
Q

When does a famine occur?

A

When people do not receive enough food, famine occurs

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15
Q

What can cause a famine? (4)

A

natural disasters, such as drought and flooding,
increasing population,
poverty, and
unequal food distribution

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16
Q

What has to happen to food production as population increases?

A

As the global human population increases, food production must also be increased to support the increasing population

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17
Q

Why is it bad that the food production industry has to keep increasing?

A

This is a problem as more land is required to grow crops and animals, meaning that deforestation is happening at an increasing rate, and there is also an increasing amount of greenhouse gases emitted from animal production

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18
Q

Why is an accumulation of greenhouse gases a problem?

A

Greenhouse gases cause global warming, which is a worldwide issue that leads to increased natural disasters, such as tropical storms and drought, as well as rising sea levels, which floods homes and decreases the amount of habitable land

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19
Q

What is the increasing human population doing in relation to habitats?

A

The increasing human population of the planet is causing destruction of many habitats from rainforest to woodland to marine

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20
Q

How can habitats be destroyed?

A

Many habitats are destroyed by humans to make space for other economic activities, or by pollution from these activities, and this reduces the biodiversity of these areas

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21
Q

Why is it harmful when habitats are destroyed?

A

This interrupts food chains and webs, meaning that more species may die because their prey is gone

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22
Q

What are the 3 main reasons for habitat destruction?

A

clearing land for farming and housing
extraction of natural resources
marine pollution

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23
Q

How does clearing land for farming and housing contribute to habitat destruction?

A

crops, livestock and homes all take up a large amount of space
as there is an increasing population and demand for food, the amount of land available for these things must be increased by clearing habitats such as forests (deforestation)

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24
Q

How does extraction of natural resources contribute to habitat destruction?

A

natural resources such as wood, stone and metals must be gathered to make different products.
therefore many trees are cut down, destroying forest habitats. in addition, some resource extraction takes up a large amount of space
for example: mining, which means that the land must be cleared first

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25
Q

How does marine pollution contribute to habitat destruction?

A

human activities lead to the pollution of marine habitats
in many places, oil spills and other waste pollutes the oceans, killing sea life
in addition, eutrophication can occur when fertilisers from intensively farmed fields enters waterways
this causes a huge decrease in biodiversity in these areas as most aquatic species living in these waterways die from lack of oxygen

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26
Q

What is deforestation?

A

Deforestation is the clearing of trees (usually on a large scale)

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27
Q

How can deforestation be a sustainable practice?

A

If trees are replaced by replanting it can be a sustainable practise

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28
Q

Why does deforestation usually occur?

A

Generally the trees are being cleared for the land to be used in a different way (for building, grazing for cattle, planting of monocultures such as palm oil plantations etc) and therefore it is not sustainable

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29
Q

What is a particularly severe example of habitat destruction?

A

As the amount of the Earth’s surface covered by trees decreases, it causes increasingly negative effects on the environment and is a particularly severe example of habitat destruction

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30
Q

What are 4 undesirable effects of deforestation?

A

Undesirable effects of deforestation include:
Extinction of species
Loss of soil
Flooding
Increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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31
Q

How is extinction of species an undesirable effect of deforestation?

A

forest habitats, especially tropical rainforest s, have a huge range of biodiversity and as habitat is destroyed it causes the loss of large numbers of plant and animal species
many of these species are only found in these areas therefore will become extinct

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32
Q

How is loss of soil an undesirable effect of deforestation?

A

tree roots help to stabilise the soil, preventing it from being eroded by rain
trees will usually take up nutrients and minerals from the soil through their roots
without trees, nutrients and minerals will remain unused in the soil so will be washed away into rivers and lakes by rain (leaching)
this loss of soil nutrients is permanent and makes it very difficult for forest trees to regrow, even if the land is not cultivated with crop plants or grass for cattle

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33
Q

How is flooding an undesirable effect of deforestation?

A

without trees the topsoil will be loose and unstable so will be easily washed away by rain, increasing the risk of flash flooding and landslides

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34
Q

How is increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere an undesirable effect of deforestation?

A

trees carry out photosynthesis during which they take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen
the removal of significant numbers of trees means less carbon dioxide is being removed from the atmosphere (and less oxygen released)
when areas of land in forests are cleared for land use, the trees are of ten burned as opposed to being cut down. this releases carbon dioxide (it is an example of combustion), further increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and contributing to global warming

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35
Q

What types of pollution have human activities caused?

A

Human activities have led to the pollution of land, water and air

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36
Q

What sources can pollution come from?

A

industry and manufacturing processes,
waste and discarded rubbish, - chemicals from farming practices,
nuclear fall-out,
untreated sewage

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37
Q

What is the source/cause for untreated sewage?

A

lack of sewage treatment plants in inhabited areas due to poor infrastructure lack of money meaning sewage runs / is pumped into streams or rivers

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38
Q

What is the source/cause for chemical waste?

A

chemicals such as heavy metals ike mercury can be released from factories into rivers and oceans or leach into land surrounding the factories

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39
Q

What is the source/cause for discarded rubbish?

A

much rubbish consists of plastic that is either discarded or buried in landfills

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40
Q

What is the source/cause for fertilisers?

A

runoff from agricultural land applied in too high concentration

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41
Q

What is the source/cause for insecticides and herbicides?

A

sprayed on crops to prevent damage by insects and growth of weeds

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42
Q

What is the source/cause for nuclear fallout?

A

radioactive particles that get into the environment from accidental leakage from nuclear power plants or explosion of a nuclear bomb

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43
Q

What is the source/cause for methane?

A

cattle farming, rice fields, landfills

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44
Q

What is the source/cause for carbon dioxide?

A

produced when fossil fuels are burnt, also released when trees are burnt to clear land for human use

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45
Q

What is the effect of untreated sewage on the environment?

A

provides a good source of food for bacteria which increase rapidly, depleting the oxygen dissolved in the water (as they respire aerobically) and causes death of aquatic organisms such as fish- known as eutrophication

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46
Q

What is the effect of chemical waste on the environment?

A

many heavy metals and other chemicals are persistent- they do not break down and so can build up in food chains (known as bioaccumulation), poisoning the top carnivores

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47
Q

What is the effect of discarded rubbish on the environment?

A

much rubbish, such as that made from plastic, is non-biodegradable and remains in the environment for hundreds of years. animals also eat the plastic as it breaks into smaller pieces (especially in the ocean) and it can get into food chains this way

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48
Q

What is the effect of fertilisers on the environment?

A

causes algal blooms which then die and provide a good source of food for decomposing bacteria which increase rapidly, depleting the oxygen dissolved in the water as they respire aerobically) and causing death of aquatic organisms such as fish known as eutrophication

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49
Q

What is the effect of insecticides and herbicides on the environment?

A

bioaccumulation, loss of biodiversity, damage to beneficial insects. can build up in soil to toxic concentrations and harm other organisms

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50
Q

What is the effect of nuclear fallout on the environment?

A

some radioactive particles have long half-lives and can remain in the environment for many years. they can cause increased risks of cancer and smaller particles can be carried by winds hundreds of miles from the original site of exposure

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51
Q

What is the effect of methane on the environment?

A

methane is a greenhouse gas which contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect that is causing climate change

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52
Q

What is the effect of carbon dioxide on the environment?

A

carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas which contributes to the enhanced greenhouse effect that is causing climate change

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53
Q

Why do plastics have such a negative impact on the environment?

A

Plastics have a large negative impact on both land and water habitats due to their non-biodegradability

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54
Q
  1. What effects does plastic have on animals in marine habitats?
A

Animals often try to eat plastic or become caught in it, leading to injuries and death

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55
Q
  1. What can plastic release as it breaks down?
A

As the plastic breaks down it can release toxins that affect marine organisms

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56
Q
  1. How can plastic enter the food chain?
A

Once it has broken down into very small particles, it is commonly ingested by animals and enters the food chain

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57
Q

How is plastic usually disposed of?

A

Plastic is generally disposed of by burying in landfills

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58
Q

Why is it harmful to dump plastic in landfills?

A

As it breaks down, it releases toxins into the surrounding soil and as such the land is no good for growing crops or grazing animals and can only be used for building on several decades after burial

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59
Q

What chemical substance can be harmful if it reaches a water supply?

A

Female contraceptive hormones are excreted from the body in urine and then make their way into the water supply, as they are not filtered out by sewage treatment plants

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60
Q

What can female contraceptive hormones cause, in aquatic environments?

A

If they reach male aquatic organisms, such as fish and frogs, which are very sensitive to the hormones, it causes feminisation

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61
Q

What is feminisation?

A

This is where male organisms begin to produce eggs and lose the ability to reproduce

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62
Q

Why is feminisation harmful to aquatic organisms?

A

Consequently, a smaller amount of offspring is produced which can harm the species survival and also disrupts food chains for animals that usually feed off these organisms

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63
Q

How can feminisation be harmful to humans?

A

In addition, these hormones can reduce the sperm count in human males, which causes fertility problems

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64
Q
  1. What is the first stage of eutrophication? What goes where and what does this cause?
A

Runoff of fertiliser from farmland enters the water and causes increased growth of algae and water plants

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65
Q
  1. Why is algal bloom harmful?
    eutrophication
A

The resulting ‘algal bloom’ blocks sunlight so water plants on the bottom start to die, as does the algae when competition for nutrients becomes too intense

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66
Q
  1. What can happen when lots of aquatic organisms die at once, as a result of eutrophication?
    eutrophication
A

As water plants and algae die in greater numbers, decomposing bacteria increase in number and use up the dissolved oxygen whilst respiring aerobically

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67
Q
  1. What may be a result of a large amount of bacteria respiring aerobically in a pond?
    eutrophication
A

As a result there is less oxygen dissolved in water, so aquatic organisms such as fish and insects may be unable to survive

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68
Q

What creates sulfur dioxide?

A

Combustion of fossil fuels that contain sulfur impurities creates sulfur dioxide

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69
Q

How is sulfur trioxide created?

A

Sulfur dioxide is released into the atmosphere where it combines with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide

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70
Q

What forms acid rain?

A

Sulfur trioxide dissolves in water droplets in clouds and forms acid rain

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71
Q

What gases can cause acid rain?

A

sulphur dioxide
- oxides of nitrogen

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72
Q

What release sulphur dioxides and oxides of nitrogen into the air?

A

burning of fossil fuels
- combustion of petrol in car engines

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73
Q

What are 5 effects of acid rain?

A

Damage to leaves, killing plants
Acidification of lakes, killing animals
Increased risk of asthma attacks and bronchitis in humans
corrosion of stonework on buildings
release of aluminium from the soil into lakes that are toxic to fish

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74
Q

What are 3 possible solutions for acid rain?

A

changing the power stations from coal and oil to renewable energy sources
using ‘scrubbers’ in power station chimneys to remove sulphur dioxide
using catalytic converters in car exhausts to convert oxides of nitrogen to harmless nitrogen

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75
Q

What is a greenhouse gas?

A

A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs infrared radiation from the Sun so it remains trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere

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76
Q

Why are greenhouse gases important?

A

This is important to ensure Earth is warm enough for life

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77
Q

Why are high levels of greenhouse gases dangerous?

A

however if levels of these gases in the atmosphere increase it leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect which causes the Earth’s average temperature to rise

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78
Q

What are 5 examples of greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxides
CFCs

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79
Q
  1. What is emitted from where that enters the earth’s atmosphere?
    (greenhouse effect)
A

The Sun emits rays that enters the Earth’s atmosphere

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80
Q
  1. What happens to the suns rays once they enter the earth’s surface? (3 options)
    (greenhouse effect)
A

The heat bounces back from the Earth’s surface
Some heat is reflected back out into space
Some heat is absorbed by greenhouse gases and is trapped within the Earth’s atmosphere – this is normal

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81
Q
  1. What can the greenhouse effect cause and how?
A

However, as the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere rise due to human activities the Earth’s average temperature rises beyond normal (an enhanced greenhouse effect), causing global warming or climate change

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82
Q

What are 6 consequences of global warming due to an enhanced greenhouse effect? (brief)

A

ocean temperatures increase
extreme weather
loss of habitats
decrease in biodiversity
increase in migration of species
spread of pests and disease

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83
Q

Why is it bad if ocean temperatures increase?

A

Ocean temperatures increase which causes melting of polar ice caps / rising sea levels / flooding / coral bleaching

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84
Q

What causes extreme weather and what are examples?

A

Increasing temperatures can cause extreme weather like super storms, flooding, droughts

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85
Q

What can extreme weather events cause?

A

These extreme weather events can lead to changes in or loss of habitats

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86
Q

How can global warming lead to a decrease in biodiversity?

A

This means that there will be a decrease in biodiversity as food chains are disrupted and extinction rates increase

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87
Q

What is a sustainable resource?

A

A sustainable resource is one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the environment so that it does not run out

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88
Q

What are examples of non-renewable resources and why?

A

Some resources, such as fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas), are non-renewable because what we use cannot be replaced

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89
Q

What do we need to do in order not to run out of fossil fuels?

A

These resources, once used, cannot be produced anymore and so they need to be conserved by reducing the amount we use and finding other, sustainable resources to replace them

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90
Q

How are fossil fuels used? 2

A

Fossil fuels are being used as an energy source in increasing amounts

In addition, they are the raw materials for many other products we make

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91
Q

What substances are made from fossil fuels?

A

almost all plastics that are made start with oil as a raw material

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92
Q

What substances can be reused and recycled?

A

Some products, especially those made from paper, plastic, glass or metal, can be reused and recycled

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93
Q

Why is reusing and recycling substances good?

A

this reduces waste in the environment and reduces the amounts of raw materials and energy needed to make new products

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94
Q

What resources can be maintained and how does this help with sustainability?

A

Some resources, such as forests and fish stocks, can be maintained – enabling us to harvest them sustainably so that they will not run out in the future

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95
Q

What is sustainable development?

A

Sustainable development is defined as development providing for the needs of an increasing human population without harming the environment

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96
Q

What is the problem with sustainable development?

A

When developing the way in which we use resources to manage them sustainably, we have to balance conflicting demands

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97
Q

What 3 conflicting aspects need to be taken into account when trying to develop sustainably?

A

needs of local people vs large companies
needs of Human Resources vs needs of animals and plants
needs of the current and future population

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98
Q

What are the conflicting demands of local people vs large companies?

A

the need for local people to be able to utilise the resources they have in their immediate environment with the needs of large companies to make money from resources such as forests and fish

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99
Q

What are the conflicting demands of Human Resources vs animals and plants?

A

the need for balancing the needs of humans for resources with the needs of the animals and plants that live in the areas the resources are taken from (preventing loss of habitat and extinction)

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100
Q

What are the conflicting demands of current vs future population?

A

for example if we harvest all the fish we need to feed people now, this might lead to overfishing which would deplete stocks for future generations

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101
Q

What is very important for development to occur sustainably?

A

For development to occur sustainably, people need to cooperate at local, national and international levels in the planning and management of resources

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102
Q

What supplies can forests provide? 2

A

Forests are needed to produce paper products and provide wood for timber

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103
Q

Where is most of the world’s paper produced?

A

Much of the world’s paper is now produced from forests which replant similar trees when mature trees are cut, ensuring that there will be adequate supply in the future

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104
Q

What types of wood takes a long time to grow and why are they so desirable?

A

Tropical hardwoods such as teak and mahogany take many years to regrow but are highly desirable for furniture

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105
Q

How has using growing wood for timber become more sustainable? (industrial)

A

Using these types of wood has now been made more sustainable due to the introduction of several schemes designed to monitor logging companies and track the wood produced (eg the Forestry Stewardship Council)

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106
Q

How has using growing wood for timber become more sustainable? (societal)

A

Education helps to ensure logging companies are aware of sustainable practices and consumers are aware of the importance of buying products made from sustainable sources

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107
Q

What 3 factors need to be controlled in order to control fish stocks sustainably?

A

Controlling the number of fish caught each year (quotas)
Controlling the size of fish caught
Controlling the time of year that certain fish can be caught

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108
Q

Why does the size of fish caught need to be monitored?

A

to ensure there are enough fish of a suitable age for breeding remaining

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109
Q

Why does the time of year the fish are caught need to be monitored?

A

to prevent large scale depletion of stocks when fish come together in large numbers in certain areas to breed

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110
Q

What 2 other factors are important in order to control fish stocks sustainability?

A

restocking
- educating fisherman

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111
Q

How does restocking help to sustain fish stocks?

A

breeding and keeping offspring until they are large enough to survive in their natural habitat then releasing

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112
Q

How does educating fishermen help to sustain fish stocks?

A

Educating fishermen as to local and international laws and consumers so they are aware of types of fish which are not produced sustainably and can avoid them when buying fish

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113
Q
  1. What does the demand increase for as the human population increases?
    sewage
A

As human population grows, the need for fresh water increases

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114
Q
  1. Where does a significant amount of water we consume go?
    sewage
A

A significant amount of water we consume is used to flush away human waste (sewage) into pipes

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115
Q
  1. Where do the pipes carry the sewage to?
    sewage
A

The pipes carry the sewage and water to treatment plants

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116
Q
  1. What happens in treatment plants?
    sewage
A

the organic waste is removed and the water cleaned so it can be returned to natural water sources without causing eutrophication

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117
Q
  1. Where is crude sewage passed through and what does this do?
    sewage
A

Crude sewage flows through a screen in which large materials like paper and sticks are trapped so they can be removed and burned

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118
Q
  1. Where is the sewage passed though after screening?
    sewage
A

The sewage is passed slowly through channels where grit and other heavy particles picked up along the way settle to the bottom

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119
Q
  1. What happens to the grit that settles along the bottom of the channel?
    sewage
A

the grit is later washed and returned to the land

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120
Q
  1. Where do the channels lead to?
    sewage
A

The channels lead into sedimentation tanks

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121
Q
  1. What happens in sedimentation tanks?
    sewage
A

the solid material settles on the bottom as sludge and the liquid part, called effluent, remains on top

122
Q
  1. What happens to the sludge?
    sewage
A

The sludge is removed by pumping it into tanks where anaerobic bacteria decompose it

123
Q
  1. What do the bacteria in the tanks produce and what is done with this?
    sewage
A

often the bacteria produce methane which can be collected and used as an energy source for the plant

124
Q
  1. What is the effluent treated with? What does this do?
    sewage
A

The effluent (liquid) is treated with aerobic bacteria to remove any organic waste in it

125
Q
  1. What is added to the effluent once it is treated with aerobic bacteria? What does this do?
    sewage
A

treated with chlorine to kill the bacteria

126
Q
  1. After being treated with chlorine, where does the effluent go?
    sewage
A

At this point it is clean enough to return to natural water systems or be passed on to a second treatment plant where it is processed further to make it pure enough to reuse as drinking water

127
Q

What are endangered species at risk of?

A

An endangered species is at risk of becoming extinct

128
Q

What does it mean if a species is endangered?

A

the population of the species may fall below a critical level

129
Q

What 5 factors may cause a species to become endangered?

A

hunting
climate change
pollution
loss of habitat
introduction of non-native species that outcompete native species

130
Q

What 4 conservation measures can endangered species be helped by?

A

education programmes
captive breeding programmes
monitoring and legal protection of the species and of their habitats
seed banks

131
Q

What are seed banks? What do they store and why?

A

seed banks as a conservation measure for plants – seeds of endangered plant species are carefully stored so that new plants may be grown in the future

132
Q

What may cause a species to be at risk of extinction, biologically speaking?

A

A species may be at risk of becoming extinct if there is not enough genetic variation in the population

133
Q

Why is a lack of genetic variation a cause of extinction?

A

as random changes in the environment may quickly cause extinction because the remaining organisms are all very similar and may not have the adaptations to survive such changes

134
Q

What is a moral reason for conservation programmes?

A

reducing extinction rates of both plant and animal species

135
Q

What is a cultural reason for conservation programmes?

A

keeping damage to food chains and food webs to a minimum and protecting vulnerable ecosystems (eg the rainforests)

136
Q

What is a scientific reason for conservation programmes?

A

protecting our future food supply and maintaining nutrient cycles and possible sources of future medical drugs and fuels

137
Q

How has modern technology increased food production?

A

Agriculture machinery- improved efficiency
Chemical fertilisers improve yields
Insecticides and herbicides- reduced competition
Selective Breeding- Reliably made to produce high yields

138
Q

What are the negative impacts of monocultures?

A

Biodiversity is low
Increase in pest populations
Leads to insecticides being sprayed which kills harmless insects, pollution, pests becoming resistant

139
Q

What is the negative impacts of intensive livestock farming?

A

Reduction in biodiversity
Overgrazing leads to soil erosion
Large amounts of cattle produce a lot of methane- greenhouse gas

140
Q

What are livestock usually fed?

A

High energy foods and antibiotics as a presentative measure against disease

141
Q

How can famine occur?

A

When people do not receive enough food

142
Q

What can cause famines?

A

Natural disasters- drought and flooding
Increasing population
Poverty
Unequal food distribution

143
Q

Describe the problem of global food supply

A

More land is needed to grow crops/animals-deforestation-increasing amount of greenhouse gas- global warming- tropical storms and drought-flooding- destruction of habitable food

144
Q

What are the reasons for habitat destruction?

A

– increased area for food crop growth, livestock
production and housing
– extraction of natural resources
– marine pollution

145
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The clearing of trees

146
Q

What can be caused by altering food webs and food

chains?

A

Humans suffer a negative impact

147
Q

What are the undesired effect of deforestation?

A

Extinction of species
Loss of soil
Flooding
Increase of carbon dioxide in atmosphere

148
Q

Explain how soil erosion can be caused by deforestation

A

Trees roots stabilise the soil-preventing it from being eroded from rain
Trees take nutrients from the soil and if there weren’t any trees these would wash into lakes

149
Q

State sources of pollution

A

Industry, manufacturing processes, discarded rubbish, nuclear fall out and untreated sewage

150
Q

Give two examples of greenhouse gases?

A

Carbon dioxide and methane

151
Q

What do greenhouse gases do?

A

Contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect

152
Q

What are the effects of non-biodegradable plastics on the marine?

A

Animals try to eat plastic leading to injuries and death
Plastic breaks down it releases toxin
Once it breaks down it releases toxins and enters the food chain

153
Q

What are the effects of non-biodegradable plastics on land?

A

Burying in landfills

It releases toxins and so the surrounding soil is no good for growing crops or grazing animals

154
Q

What is the effect of female contraceptive hormones?

A

Causes feminisation in males- affects food chains as less reproduce- males sperm count is reduced

155
Q

What creates sulphur dioxide?

A

Combustion of fuels containing sulphur impurities

156
Q

What are possible solutions to reduce acid rain?

A

Changing power stations to renewable sources
Using scrubbers to remove sulphur dioxide from factory chimneys
Catalytic converters in car exhausts

157
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A

Absorbs infrared radiation from the Sun so it remains trapped in the Earth’s atmosphere

158
Q

What happens to an excess of greenhouse gases?

A

The Earth’s average temperature rises

159
Q

What are the most important greenhouse gases?

A

Water vapour
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Nitrous oxides
CFC’s

160
Q

What are consequences of global warming?

A

ocean temperatures increase
extreme weather
changes in loss of habitat
decrease in biodiversity
increase in migration

161
Q

Define sustainable resource

A

It is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the

environment so that it does not run out

162
Q

Define sustainable development

A

development providing for the needs of an
increasing human population without harming
the environment

163
Q

What must be taken into consideration when developing a way in which we use resources to manage them sustainably?

A

The need for local people to be able to utilise the resources they have
The need for balancing hte needs of humans for resources with the needs of animals and plants that live in the area
The need to balance what current populations need with what future populations might need

164
Q

What do we need forests for?

A

To produce paper

Provide wood for timber

165
Q

What ensures the sustainment of forests?

A

Monitor logging companies that track wood produced

Education

166
Q

How can you sustain fish stocks?

A

Controlling the number of fish caught each year
Controlling the size of the fish caught
Controlling the time of the year that certain fish can be caught
Restocking
Educating fishermen

167
Q

What are endangered species at risk of?

A

Extinction

168
Q

Why may a population of species fall below critical level?

A

Hunting
Climate change
Pollution
Loss of habitat
Introduction of non-native species

169
Q

How can endangered species be helped?

A

Education programmes
Captive breeding programmes
Monitoring and legal protection of the species
Seed banks as a conservation for plants

170
Q

What are the reasons for conservational programmes?

A

Reducing extinction rates of both plant and animal species
Keeping damage to food chains minimal
Protecting vulnerable ecosystems
Protecting our future food supply and maintaining nutrient cycles

171
Q

How humans have increased food production:

A

agricultural machinery to use larger areas of land and improve efficiency
chemical fertilisers to improve yields
insecticides to improve quality and yield
herbicides to reduce competition with weeds
selective breeding to improve production by crop plants and livestock

172
Q

Disadvantages of monoculture:

A

loss of biodiversity
outbreaks
extinction of species
disruption of food chain

173
Q

Advantages of monoculture:

A

higher revenue.
easier to manage.
yields maximization.
specialised production.
increased productivity and
efficiency.

174
Q

Disadvantages of intensive livestock production:

A

loss of biodiversity ;
deforestation / habitat loss ;
effect of waste (faeces and urine) on, waterways/crops;
disease spreading to, wild populations / humans ;
use of antibiotics and (spread of) antibiotic resistance ;

175
Q

Advantages of intensive livestock production:

A

help to provide more food for people
sometime provide food more cheaply than extensive systems
fewer people go hungry
take up less land
more land could be left in its natural state, providing habitats for other species

176
Q

Biodiversity

A

number of different species that live in an area.

177
Q

Reasons for habitat destruction:

A

increased area for housing, crop plant production and livestock production
extraction of natural resources
freshwater and marine pollution
Through altering food webs and food chains, humans can have a negative impact on
habitats.

178
Q

Effects of deforestation:

A

habitat destruction
reducing biodiversity
extinction
loss of soil
flooding
increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

179
Q

Effect of pollution and excess fertilisers in aquatic ecosystems:

A

lake/ river pH decrease
aluminium ions become mobile
nutrients leached
shell damage
fish/ frog fail to reproduce
aquatic plants die
disruption of food chain
loss of biodiversity
Biology notes By Vasumitra Gajbhiye 51
low pH toxic to aquatic animals
fish produce mucus which blocks gills.

180
Q

Effect of plastic on aquatic ecosystem:

A

plastic remains /persists / lasts a long time/ not decomposed ;
swallowed/ ingested/eaten/ cannot be digested/ blocks gut ;
caught, around/ strangle/trapped/ entangled/ smother/ suffocate / injure/ cut /
trap/ stuck in, organism AW ;
plastic blocks light for, photosynthesis ;
may, contain/release, (oil-soluble) toxins / poisons / harmful chemicals;
blocks the flow of water in streams or rivers ;
so less aeration of water/reduces concentration of (dissolved) oxygen ;
destruction of, habitat/ ecosystem/ food chain ;
idea of bioaccumulation/ biomagnification ;
trapped / stationary water acts as a breeding site for mosquitoes ;
AVP ; e.g. visual pollution /releases hormone-like chemicals / less oxygen from
photosynthesis

181
Q

Effect of plastic on terrestrial ecosystem:

A

CHOKES/ strangles / traps / blocks digestive systems / AW (of animals)
ingested ;
reference to, chemical exposure / fumes / toxins ;
(plastic) accumulates in an organism / is passed down a food chain ;
(described) habitat destruction ;
e.g. plastic covers the habitats (plastic) blocks (light / water for) photosynthesis
(for land plants) ;
visual pollution ;
(plastic) block roots / prevents root growth ;
remain in the ecosystem (for a very long time) ;

182
Q

green house gases

A

Methane and carbon dioxide

183
Q

how do greenhouse gasses affect climate

A

They trap infrared radiation
emitted from the sun towards the earth. This keeps the planet warm enough to
support life. If level of these green house gases rise, more infrared radiation is
trapped, this increase the average temperature of earth. Resulting in enhanced
green house effect, leading to climate change.

184
Q

Eutrophication of water:

A

increased availability of nitrate and other ions
increased growth of producers
increased decomposition after death of producers
increased aerobic respiration by decomposers
reduction in dissolved oxygen
death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water

185
Q

Sustainable resource

A

one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the
environment so that it does not run out

186
Q

Some resources can be

A

conserved and managed sustainably, e.g. forests and fish stocks.

187
Q

Why an organism becomes
endangered:

A

climate change
habitat
destruction
hunting
overharvesting
pollution
introduced species

188
Q

Reasons why a plant species can become endangered species:

A

plant hunting
disease
lack of pollinators
competition from introduced
species
deforestation
climate change
desertification
pollution
increase in gazing
habitat destruction
removing too many of a plant
species

189
Q

Reasons why a fish
species can become
endangered species.

A

habitat destruction ;
climate change ;
(described) overfishing
/ hunting ;
food chain disrupted
(described);
overconsumption (by
humans) ;
(named) pollution ;
introduced diseases /
species ;

190
Q

Reasons why a animal species can become
endangered species.

A

1 habitat loss/deforestation;
2 large mammals need large amounts of space ;
3 (named example of) climate change; e.g.
desertification

191
Q

Use of land for

A

4 land developed for agriculture ;
5 land developed for, housing / transport /
factories
6 land used for extraction of (named) material(s)
7 competing with humans for space ;
8 idea that populations are isolated ;
9 hunt / trophies / high value / poaching ;
10 laws are not enforced to protect from hunting
11 lack of education ;
12 poisoning / pollution ;
13 need a large quantity of food / lack of food
sources / starvation ;
14 slow reproduction rate / hard to breed in
captivity ;

192
Q

How endangered species can be conserved:

A

monitoring and protecting species and habitats
education
Biology notes By Vasumitra Gajbhiye 54
captive breeding programmes
seed banks

193
Q

How endangered species can be conserved:

A

monitoring / AW, population(s) /
individual(s) ;
habitat, protection / restoration ;
reducing / prevention, of pollution;
removal / AW, of alien species ;
preventing colonisation by alien
species ;
hunting ban / prevent poaching ;
government / legislation, to
protect species ;
create, exclusion zones /
reserves (so not disturbed by
people) ;
specific, times when / areas
where, hunting / AW, not allowed
international agreements to limit
trade ;
removal to, zoos / botanical
gardens / wildlife parks ;
captive breeding / breeding
programme (in situ or ex situ) ;
seed banks / frozen zoos /
cryopreservation / AW ;
artificial insemination / IVF / use
of surrogates / AW ;
reintroduction programmes ;
education / awareness ;

194
Q

How can we prevent overfishing:

A

1 education / awareness ; Accept
commercials / advertising / tax
consumer
2 reduced demand (to eat from
unsustainable fish stocks) / public
pressure / campaigning ;
3 steps taken by fisherman voluntarily
/ AW ;
4 (legal) quotas / treaties / licenses /
laws / restricted catch weight ;
5 ensuring sustainable population
size / recovery of, endangered /
specific, species
6 nursery zones (using this is
much safer)/ no-catch zones / /
protected areas / MPAs ;
7 overflow of target species / increase
in population outside zone / breeding
recovery ;
8 limited fishing season ;
9 stock recovery / optimises breeding
seasons ;
10 fines;
11 discourage / punish, poor practice
12 restocking / captive breeding and
release ;
13 increases gene pool / number of
young / reproductively-viable, fish ;
14 fish farming ;
15 alternative source of fish

195
Q

Reasons for conserve animals

A

maintains natural habitat/
prevent, human
interference/ development
prevention of extinction
less, hunting/ poaching/
killing
tourism/ economic reason
maintain (bio)diversity/
genetic diversity
maintain, gene,
pool/diversity
maintain, food chain/
balanced ecosystems
available for scientific study
retain for future generations
maintain nutrient recycling
maintain, resource
provision/ food/ drugs
prevent soil erosion/
flooding
education

196
Q

Reasons to maintain ecosystems like
wetlands

A

to prevent extinction;
maintain biodiversity;
provide feeding grounds for animals /
ref. to disruption of food, chains / web;
provide, breeding grounds / places for
breeding;
provide, habitats / shelter;
vulnerable to the effects of,
development / drainage / AW;
ref to flooding / natural disasters;
ref to nitrogen cycle;
ref to maintenance of water cycle;
ref to carbon cycle; e.g. greenhouse
gas / carbon storage / carbon sink
waste disposal;
provide, resources / food / fuel / drugs /
raw materials;
idea of areas for, recreation /
(eco)tourism / education;
ethical reasons / aesthetic reasons /
AW;
AVP; e.g. soil erosion

197
Q

Artificial insemination:

A

collect semen / sperm (implied by
context) ;
freeze semen / sperm, / use
sperm bank / use sperm
collected, far away/ long ago ;
selecting / washing / screening, of
sperm / AW ;
use fertility drugs containing
hormones for (super)ovulation ;
determine when female is about
to ovulate ;
insert, semen / sperm, into
female (vagina / uterus) ;

198
Q

The risks to a plant species of
having very small numbers:

A

high risk of extinction
less reproduction
high risk of genetic disease
less variation
small population so more
vulnerable to diseases.
reduced number of alleles
less likely to adapt to change in
environment

199
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF):

A

collect / extract, eggs ;
collect / extract, sperm ;
use of donor, eggs / sperm ;
fertilisation / described / IVF,
outside the body / in a dish / in a
laboratory ;
embryo development in dish / AW
screening of embryos ;
inserting embryos into uterus ;
give mother progesterone after
inserting embryos (to maintain
lining) ;

200
Q

food supply

A

once agriculture had been developed, it was possible to support a much larger population and the balance between humans and the environment was upset.
exponential growth of human population increased the demand for food supply

201
Q

to provide food

A

trees were cut down for agricultural land and to provide shelter for the increased human population.
intensification of agriculture included the use of insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, and monoculture
areas cleared for intensive livestock farming
use of machinery, artificial fertilizers to increase yield
selective breeding to improve the production of crop and livestock

202
Q

increase in demand for food production caused:

A

a) deforestation: has a direct impact on climate change
b) wild habits were destroyed affecting climate
c) use of chemical fertilizers resulted in water pollution- eutrophication

203
Q

undesirable effects of deforestation

A

1)habitat destruction
- species extinction through habitat loss
- suction in habitat or food source for animals can result in their extinction
- loss of forest habitat also reduces biodiversity and disrupts the food chain
2) loss of soil by soil erosion
- removal of trees means there are no roots to hold the soil, thus the thin fertile top layer of the soil is washed by rain or blown by the wind resulting in soil erosion
- land becomes unsuitable for plant growth: desertification
3) flooding
- soil from erosion is washed into the river, silting it and causing flooding
- there are no trees to take up the water, which flows into the rivers causing a flood
3) carbon dioxide build up- global warming
- forests have a high rate of photosynthesis so absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
- removal of forests contributes to increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide

204
Q

deforestation threatens many species of animals and plants with

A

extinction

205
Q

loss of plant species due to deforestation will result in

A

a loss of animal species of the same community because of their feeding relationships in the food web

206
Q

loss of many trees can also affect the

A

water cycle

207
Q

deforestation also affects the concentration of

A

CO2 in the atmosphere

208
Q

the forests take CO2 in the air to use in photosynthesis and return

A

oxygen to the air

209
Q

whenever the trees are cut down there are

A

fewer plants to remove CO2

210
Q

moreover, as the cut-down trees decay or burn

A

the carbon in their bodies is converted into CO2 and released into the air

211
Q

famine

A

food shortage for the poor

212
Q

cash crop example

A

cotton

213
Q

cause of severe food shortage/famine

A

flooding, deforestation, economy of the nation

214
Q

problems of the world food supply

A

severe food shortage can lead to famine
transportation of foods needs the use of preservatives: food becomes expensive
picking natural products before it is ripe, and exposing them to chemicals to bring on the ripening process
climate change and natural disasters like floods may cause loss of farmland: most farm products are destroyed
pollution
shortage of water
poor soil- the result of monoculture
lack of money to buy seeds
no food production
raid urbanization
increase in human population
pest damage or disease
use of farmland to grow crops or plants for biofuels

215
Q

urbanization

A

when a village turns into modern buildings/towns/cities

216
Q

biofuels example

A

sugar cane

217
Q

negative impacts of large-scale monoculture of crop plants

A

monoculture- growing of single species of plant on the same land year after year affected by the fertility and the balance of the soil- need for artificial fertilizers increases. in a monoculture, every attempt is made to destroy organisms that feed on, compete with or infect the crop plant - use of insecticide, pesticides, and herbicides. so, the balanced life of a natural plant and animal community is displaced- habitat destroyed ( loss of biodiversity)

218
Q

the negative impacts of intensive livestock production

A

intensive livestock production is also known as “factory farming where water forms slurry which gets into rivers and streams resulting in eutrophication. overgrazing of certain areas resulted in soil erosion and finally desertification. cattle farming increases the production of methane which adds to global warming.

219
Q

how does overuse of fertilizers lead to eutrophication

A

a) fertilizers with nitrates/ phosphates leach into rivers and lakes after rain- leaching
b) surface water plants and phytoplankton(algae) grow more than usual algal bloom
c)they block sunlight and kill plants underneath that stink to the bottom.
d)aerobic bacteria/fungi decompose the remains of these plants using oxygen and decreasing the oxygen concentration
e) fish and other creatures die from oxygen starvation
f) anaerobic bacteria act upon these dead and decomposing materials of which the end products can be methane or other toxic substances
g) hence the water bodies become unsuitable to support any life

220
Q

increase in human population is the main cause for

A

habitat destruction

221
Q

removal of habitat for

A

increased area for food crop growth and livestock production.building housing complexs for shelters.

222
Q

extraction of natural resources for

A

need of fuel for transportation, factories and urbanization

223
Q

marine pollution

A

dumping of human debris, and untreated sewage, the problem for many marine animals and their population decreasing due to destruction of habitat.

224
Q

greenhouse effect

A

completely natural processes where gases in the atmosphere trap heat from the sun. the gases act like the glass in a greenhouse- they let heat in but prevent some of it from getting back out. greenhouse gases are essential to keep the Earth warm, without them, most the plant would be a wasteland.

225
Q

global warming

A

increase in world temperature as a result of increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

226
Q

greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, CFCs and nitrous oxide

227
Q

global warming causes

A

1) burning of fossil fuels. example. coal, oil, and natural gas for industry and transport and heat our homes
2) clearing rainforests ( which act as carbon sinks to naturally absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere)
3) farming(particularly cattle farming, which generates methane as the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases we are getting an enhanced greenhouse effect( the greenhouse effect is more strongly). this is leading to an increase in the average temperatures around the world- global warming, as a result, more people, believe that the climate is changing because of human activity

228
Q

vector

A

carrier disease

229
Q

artic animals

A

polar bears

230
Q

antarctic animals

A

penguins

231
Q

effects of global warming

A

increase in sea levels
increase in the intensity of extreme weather events
significant changes in the amount and pattern of precipitation
-modifications of trade routes
glacier retreat
mass species extinction
increase in the range of disease vectors

232
Q

insecticides and pesticides used

A

remains in the environment and enters the food chain where it accumulates as the trophic level increases- bioaccumulation(biomagnification) resulting in loss of biodiversity

233
Q

herbicides used

A

leach from farmland into water systems such as rivers and lakes, where they can kill aquatic plants, removing the producers from the food chain. animals migrate or get extinct

234
Q

nuclear fallout

A

this can be the result of a leak from a nuclear power station, or from a nuclear explosion. the radioactive material accumulates into food chains and cnan cause cancer in top carnivores and genetic mutations

235
Q

sources and effects of pollution on the water by chemical wastes

A

chemicals from factories are released into rivers. they poison the animals and plants and could poison humans who drink the water- a loss of biodiversity

236
Q

sources and effects of pollution on the water by discarded rubbish

A

decrease the area of habitation and increase competition among species resulting in migration or extinction

237
Q

sources and effects of pollution on the water by untreated sewage and fertilizers

A

results in eutrophication, habitat destruction, and loss of biodiversity

238
Q

terrestrial

A

land

239
Q

aquatic

A

water

240
Q

effects of non-biodegradable Plastics on the Environment

A

1) in an aquatic ecosystem
- as the plastics in the water gradually deteriorate, they fragment into tiny pieces which are eaten by fish and birds, making them very ill. disrupting of the food chain and loss of biodiversity
2) in terrestrial ecosystem
-takes up valuable space required for animals and also causes visual pollution

241
Q

causes of acid rain

A

caused by sulfur dioxide (released from the burning of oil and coil, for example in power stations) and nitrogen oxides (present in car exhausts).

242
Q

effects of acid rain

A

-acid rain harms fish and trees, but it also makes chemical weathering happen more quickly. buildings and statues made from rock were damaged as a result
- acid rain can be extremely harmful to the forest. acid rain that seeps into the group d can dissolve nutrients, such as magnesium and calcium, that trees need to survive

243
Q

negative impacts of female contraceptive hormones

A

when women use a contraceptive pill, the hormones in it( estrogen or progesterone) are excreted in urine and become present in sewage. the processes of sewage treatment do not extract the hormones so they end up in water systems such as rivers, lakes, and the sea. causing feminization of aquatic animals (fish or amphibians). reduces sperm count in men, causing a reduction in fertility.
pollution/: chemical wastes and sewage in rivers make the water nonpotable, and eutrophication can occur. sulfur dioxide lowers the PH increasing the acidity of the lakes

244
Q

impurities of sewage

A

carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

245
Q

cephalo

A

head

246
Q

renal

A

kidney

247
Q

hepatic

A

liver

248
Q

gills

A

organs for gaseous exchnage

249
Q

simple eye

A

one lens

250
Q

compound lens

A

many lens

251
Q

Blood clotting prevents

A

continued / significant blood loss from wounds Scab formation seals the wound with an insoluble patch that prevents entry of microorganisms that could cause infection It remains in place until new skin has grown underneath it, sealing the skin again

252
Q

Poikilothermic

A

Those which cannot maintain their body temperature and rely on the environment

253
Q

why do pressures change in arteries

A

arteries receive blood from the contraction and relaxation of strong muscles in the heart

254
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

heart to lungs

255
Q

systematic circuit

A

blood to body

256
Q

starch is a __ and __ molecule

A

big, complex

257
Q

starch cant

A

diffuse through most substances

258
Q

starch digested by amylase gives

A

maltose

259
Q

maltose is a __ molecule

A

simple

260
Q

maltose can

A

diffuse through most substances

261
Q

enzyme: pepsin
substrate: protein

A

product: amino acids

262
Q

enzyme: lipase
substrate: fats

A

product: fatty acids and glycerol

263
Q

enzyme: trypsin
substrate: protein

A

product: amino acids

264
Q

enzyme: maltase
substrate: maltose

A

product : glucose

265
Q

plants are divided into two groups

A

1) ferns
2) flowering plants

266
Q

flowering plants are divided into 2

A

1) monocotyledons
2)dicotyledons

267
Q

Disadvantages of cross pollination

A

-not always certain as pollinating agent is always required, and it may or may not be available at a suitable time.
-pollen grains have to be produced in abundance to ensure chances of pollination
-results in a lot of waste in pollen

268
Q

disadvantages of genetically modifying crops

A

will have less nutritional value. cosumers may reject geneticallt modifed crops as genes are lost and there will no variation

269
Q

a tissue culture is a form of

A

asexual reproduction

270
Q

reasons why bacteria are useful for genetic modification

A

rapid reproduction rate
no ethical concerns
bacteria have same bases as DNA

271
Q

names of 2 effectors that contract and relax during pupil reflex

A

circular muscles and radial muscles

272
Q

why are the eye considered a sense organ

A

retina tissue also has cone and rod cells present to detect the light stimulus

273
Q

How humans have increased food production:

A

agricultural machinery to use larger areas of land and improve efficiency
chemical fertilisers to improve yields
insecticides to improve quality and yield
herbicides to reduce competition with weeds
selective breeding to improve production by crop plants and livestock

274
Q

Disadvantages of monoculture:

A

loss of biodiversity
outbreaks
extinction of species
disruption of food chain

275
Q

Advantages of monoculture:

A

higher revenue.
easier to manage.
yields maximization.
specialised production.
increased productivity and
efficiency.

276
Q

Disadvantages of intensive livestock production:

A

loss of biodiversity ;
deforestation / habitat loss ;
effect of waste (faeces and urine) on, waterways/crops;
disease spreading to, wild populations / humans ;
use of antibiotics and (spread of) antibiotic resistance ;

277
Q

Advantages of intensive livestock production:

A

help to provide more food for people
sometime provide food more cheaply than extensive systems
fewer people go hungry
take up less land
more land could be left in its natural state, providing habitats for other species

278
Q

Biodiversity

A

number of different species that live in an area.

279
Q

Reasons for habitat destruction:

A

increased area for housing, crop plant production and livestock production
extraction of natural resources
freshwater and marine pollution
Through altering food webs and food chains, humans can have a negative impact on
habitats.

280
Q

Effects of deforestation:

A

habitat destruction
reducing biodiversity
extinction
loss of soil
flooding
increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

281
Q

Effect of pollution and excess fertilisers in aquatic ecosystems:

A

lake/ river pH decrease
aluminium ions become mobile
nutrients leached
shell damage
fish/ frog fail to reproduce
aquatic plants die
disruption of food chain
loss of biodiversity
Biology notes By Vasumitra Gajbhiye 51
low pH toxic to aquatic animals
fish produce mucus which blocks gills.

282
Q

Effect of plastic on aquatic ecosystem:

A

plastic remains /persists / lasts a long time/ not decomposed ;
swallowed/ ingested/eaten/ cannot be digested/ blocks gut ;
caught, around/ strangle/trapped/ entangled/ smother/ suffocate / injure/ cut /
trap/ stuck in, organism AW ;
plastic blocks light for, photosynthesis ;
may, contain/release, (oil-soluble) toxins / poisons / harmful chemicals;
blocks the flow of water in streams or rivers ;
so less aeration of water/reduces concentration of (dissolved) oxygen ;
destruction of, habitat/ ecosystem/ food chain ;
idea of bioaccumulation/ biomagnification ;
trapped / stationary water acts as a breeding site for mosquitoes ;
AVP ; e.g. visual pollution /releases hormone-like chemicals / less oxygen from
photosynthesis

283
Q

Effect of plastic on terrestrial ecosystem:

A

CHOKES/ strangles / traps / blocks digestive systems / AW (of animals)
ingested ;
reference to, chemical exposure / fumes / toxins ;
(plastic) accumulates in an organism / is passed down a food chain ;
(described) habitat destruction ;
e.g. plastic covers the habitats (plastic) blocks (light / water for) photosynthesis
(for land plants) ;
visual pollution ;
(plastic) block roots / prevents root growth ;
remain in the ecosystem (for a very long time) ;

284
Q

green house gases

A

Methane and carbon dioxide

285
Q

how do greenhouse gasses affect climate

A

They trap infrared radiation
emitted from the sun towards the earth. This keeps the planet warm enough to
support life. If level of these green house gases rise, more infrared radiation is
trapped, this increase the average temperature of earth. Resulting in enhanced
green house effect, leading to climate change.

286
Q

Eutrophication of water:

A

increased availability of nitrate and other ions
increased growth of producers
increased decomposition after death of producers
increased aerobic respiration by decomposers
reduction in dissolved oxygen
death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water

287
Q

Sustainable resource

A

one which is produced as rapidly as it is removed from the
environment so that it does not run out

288
Q

Some resources can be

A

conserved and managed sustainably, e.g. forests and fish stocks.

289
Q

Why an organism becomes
endangered:

A

climate change
habitat
destruction
hunting
overharvesting
pollution
introduced species

290
Q

Reasons why a plant species can become endangered species:

A

plant hunting
disease
lack of pollinators
competition from introduced
species
deforestation
climate change
desertification
pollution
increase in gazing
habitat destruction
removing too many of a plant
species

291
Q

Reasons why a fish
species can become
endangered species.

A

habitat destruction ;
climate change ;
(described) overfishing
/ hunting ;
food chain disrupted
(described);
overconsumption (by
humans) ;
(named) pollution ;
introduced diseases /
species ;

292
Q

Reasons why a animal species can become
endangered species.

A

1 habitat loss/deforestation;
2 large mammals need large amounts of space ;
3 (named example of) climate change; e.g.
desertification

293
Q

Use of land for

A

4 land developed for agriculture ;
5 land developed for, housing / transport /
factories
6 land used for extraction of (named) material(s)
7 competing with humans for space ;
8 idea that populations are isolated ;
9 hunt / trophies / high value / poaching ;
10 laws are not enforced to protect from hunting
11 lack of education ;
12 poisoning / pollution ;
13 need a large quantity of food / lack of food
sources / starvation ;
14 slow reproduction rate / hard to breed in
captivity ;

294
Q

How endangered species can be conserved:

A

monitoring and protecting species and habitats
education
Biology notes By Vasumitra Gajbhiye 54
captive breeding programmes
seed banks

295
Q

How endangered species can be conserved:

A

monitoring / AW, population(s) /
individual(s) ;
habitat, protection / restoration ;
reducing / prevention, of pollution
;
removal / AW, of alien species ;
preventing colonisation by alien
species ;
hunting ban / prevent poaching ;
government / legislation, to
protect species ;
create, exclusion zones /
reserves (so not disturbed by
people) ;
specific, times when / areas
where, hunting / AW, not allowed
international agreements to limit
trade ;
removal to, zoos / botanical
gardens / wildlife parks ;
captive breeding / breeding
programme (in situ or ex situ) ;
seed banks / frozen zoos /
cryopreservation / AW ;
artificial insemination / IVF / use
of surrogates / AW ;
reintroduction programmes ;
education / awareness ;

296
Q

Reasons for conserve animals

A

maintains natural habitat/
prevent, human
interference/ development
prevention of extinction
less, hunting/ poaching/
killing
tourism/ economic reason
maintain (bio)diversity/
genetic diversity
maintain, gene,
pool/diversity
maintain, food chain/
balanced ecosystems
available for scientific study
retain for future generations
maintain nutrient recycling
maintain, resource
provision/ food/ drugs
prevent soil erosion/
flooding
education

296
Q

How can we prevent overfishing:

A

1 education / awareness ; Accept
commercials / advertising / tax
consumer
2 reduced demand (to eat from
unsustainable fish stocks) / public
pressure / campaigning ;
3 steps taken by fisherman voluntarily
/ AW ;
4 (legal) quotas / treaties / licenses /
laws / restricted catch weight ;
5 ensuring sustainable population
size / recovery of, endangered /
specific, species
6 nursery zones (using this is
much safer)/ no-catch zones / /
protected areas / MPAs ;
7 overflow of target species / increase
in population outside zone / breeding
recovery ;
8 limited fishing season ;
9 stock recovery / optimises breeding
seasons ;
10 fines;
11 discourage / punish, poor practice
12 restocking / captive breeding and
release ;
13 increases gene pool / number of
young / reproductively-viable, fish ;
14 fish farming ;
15 alternative source of fish

297
Q

Reasons to maintain ecosystems like
wetlands

A

to prevent extinction;
maintain biodiversity;
provide feeding grounds for animals /
ref. to disruption of food, chains / web;
provide, breeding grounds / places for
breeding;
provide, habitats / shelter;
vulnerable to the effects of,
development / drainage / AW;
ref to flooding / natural disasters;
ref to nitrogen cycle;
ref to maintenance of water cycle;
ref to carbon cycle; e.g. greenhouse
gas / carbon storage / carbon sink
waste disposal;
provide, resources / food / fuel / drugs /
raw materials;
idea of areas for, recreation /
(eco)tourism / education;
ethical reasons / aesthetic reasons /
AW;
AVP; e.g. soil erosion

298
Q

Artificial insemination:

A

collect semen / sperm (implied by
context) ;
freeze semen / sperm, / use
sperm bank / use sperm
collected, far away/ long ago ;
selecting / washing / screening, of
sperm / AW ;
use fertility drugs containing
hormones for (super)ovulation ;
determine when female is about
to ovulate ;
insert, semen / sperm, into
female (vagina / uterus) ;

299
Q

The risks to a plant species of
having very small numbers:

A

high risk of extinction
less reproduction
high risk of genetic disease
less variation
small population so more
vulnerable to diseases.
reduced number of alleles
less likely to adapt to change in
environment

300
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF):

A

collect / extract, eggs ;
collect / extract, sperm ;
use of donor, eggs / sperm ;
fertilisation / described / IVF,
outside the body / in a dish / in a
laboratory ;
embryo development in dish / AW
screening of embryos ;
inserting embryos into uterus ;
give mother progesterone after
inserting embryos (to maintain
lining) ;

Biology Flashcards (20 decks)

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