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2. Organisation of the Organism Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is cytoplasm found and what does it contain?

A

Cytoplasm is found inside the cell and contains all the other cell structures

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2
Q

What is the nucleus surrounded by and what does this do?

A

The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate it from the cytoplasm

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3
Q

What is the cell wall made of in plant cells and what does it contain?

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose and surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells

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4
Q

What are chloroplasts, where are they found, description?

A

Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cytoplasm that are packed with the pigment chlorophyll and so are green in colour

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5
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large vesicles that take up a large part of the interior of plant cells

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6
Q

What organelles are visible in almost all cells when looking at higher magnification?

A

mitochondria
ribosomes
vesicles

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7
Q

What can ribosomes be found in?

A

Ribosomes are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum

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8
Q

Where are vesicles found?

A

these are small circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm

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9
Q

function of the nucleus

A

contains genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work
controls cell division

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10
Q

cytoplasm function

A

supports cell structures
site of many chemical reactions
contains water and many solutes

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11
Q

cell membrane function

A

holds the cell together
- controls substances entering and leaving the cell

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12
Q

cell wall function

A

gives the cell extra support and defines its shape

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13
Q

chloroplasts function

A

site of photosynthesis providing food for plants
- chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to occur

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14
Q

vacuole function

A

contains cell sap
used for storage of certain materials
also helps support the shape of the cell

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15
Q

mitochondria function

A

site of aerobic respiration providing energy for the cell
cells with high rates of metabolism (carrying out many different cell reactions) will have significantly higher numbers of mitochondria than cells with lower numbers of reactions taking place in them

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16
Q

ribosomes function

A

site of protein production in protein synthesis

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17
Q

vesicles function

A

used to safely transport substances from one part of the cell to another

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18
Q

what are specialised cells?

A

those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions.

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19
Q

What are the adaptations of cells controlled by?

A

These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus

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20
Q

How do cells specialise? What does it cause?

A

Cells specialise by undergoing differentiation: this is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions

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21
Q

What are examples of specialised cells in animals?

A

ciliated cell
nerve cell
red blood cell
sperm cell
egg cell (ovum)

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22
Q

function of a ciliated cell

A

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

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23
Q

ciliated cells adaptations

A

extensions of the cytoplasm at the surface of the cell form hair-like structures called cilia which beat to move mucus and trapped particles up to the throat

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24
Q

nerve cell function

A

conduction of impulses

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25
Q

nerve cell adaptations

A

long so that nerves can run to and from different parts of the body to the central nervous system
the cell has extensions and branches so that it can commute with other nerve cells muscles and glands
the axon (extension of cytoplasm away from the cell body) is covered with a fatty sheath which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulses

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26
Q

red blood cell function

A

transport of oxygen

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27
Q

red blood cell adaptations

A

biconcave disc shape increases surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen
contains haemoglobin which joins with oxygen to transport it
contains no nucleus to increase amount of space available for haemoglobin inside cell

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28
Q

sperm cell function

A

reproduction

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29
Q

sperm cell adaptations

A

the head contains the genetic material for fertilisation in a haploid nucleus (containing half the normal number of chromosomes)
the acrosome in the head contains digestive enzymes so that a sperm can penetrate an egg
the mid-piece is packed with mitochondria to release energy needed to swim and fertilise the egg
the tail enables the sperm to swim

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30
Q

egg cell function

A

reproduction

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31
Q

egg cell adaptations

A

contains a lot of cytoplasm which has nutrients for the growth of the early embryo
haploid nucleus contains the genetic material for fertilisation
cell membrane changes after fertilisation by a single sperm so that no more sperm can enter

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32
Q

What are examples of specialised cells in plants?

A

root hair cell
xylem vessel
palisade mesophyll cell

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33
Q

root hair cell function

A

absorption of water and mineral ions from soil

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34
Q

root hair cells adaptations

A

root hair increases surface area of cell to ensure maximum absorption of water and mineral ions
walls are thin to ensure water moves through quickly
no chloroplasts present

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35
Q

xylem vessel function

A

conduction of water through the plant ; support of the plant

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36
Q

xylem vessel adaptation

A

no top and bottom walls between xylem vessels so there is a continuous column of water running through them
cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water
their walls become thickened with a substance called lignin which means they are able to help support the plant

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37
Q

palisade mesophyll cell function

A

photosynthesis

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38
Q

palisade mesophyll cell adaptations

A

column shaped to maximise absorption of sunlight and fit as many in a layer under the upper epidermis of the leaf as possible
contains many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis

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39
Q

cells definition

A

basic functional and structural units in a living organism

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40
Q

tissues definition

A

group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function

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41
Q

organs definition

A

made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions

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42
Q

organ systems definitions

A

groups of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions

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43
Q

name 9 different organ systems

A

shoot
root
digestive
circulatory
immune
respiratory
excretory
nervous
reproductive

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44
Q

shoot system organs

A

leaf
stem
flower
fruit

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45
Q

shoot system tissue example

A

epidermis mesophyll
xylem
phloem

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46
Q

root system organs

A
  • root
  • tuber
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47
Q

root system tissue example

A

xylem
phloem
ground tissue

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48
Q

digestive system organs

A

oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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49
Q

digestive system tissue example

A

muscle
connective
nerve
epithelial

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50
Q

circulatory system organs

A

heart
veins
arteries

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51
Q

circulatory system tissue example

A

muscle
connective
nerve
epithelial

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52
Q

immune system organs

A

thymus
spleen

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53
Q

immune system tissue example

A

bone marrow

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54
Q

respiratory system organs

A

trachea
bronchi
lungs

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55
Q

respiratory system tissue example

A

muscle
connective
epithelial

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56
Q

excretory system organs

A

liver
kidney
skin
lungs

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57
Q

excretory system tissue example

A

muscle
connective
nerve
epithelial

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58
Q

nervous system organs

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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59
Q

nervous system tissue example

A

nerve

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60
Q

reproductive system organs

A

ovary
cervix
uterus
vagina
penis
testes

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61
Q

reproductive system tissue example

A

muscle
connective
nervous
erectile

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62
Q

What is an organelle?

A

The structural and functional unit inside cells.

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63
Q

What is a cell?

A

Basic structural and functional units in a living.

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64
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells of similar structures working together to perform the same function.

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65
Q

What is an organ?

A

Made from different tissues working together to perform specific functions.

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66
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Groups of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.

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67
Q

What is an organism?

A

An individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form.

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68
Q

What is the order of levels of an organism?

A

organelle → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

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69
Q

What is the organ system and function of the following organs:

mouth.
oesophagus.
stomach.
liver.
pancreas.
intestines.

A

organ system = digestive system.
function = to digest food and absorb nutrients.

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70
Q

What are the organs and the organ system of the following function:
- to move blood around the body.

A

organ system = circulatory.

organs = heart and blood vessels.

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71
Q

What are the organs and the function of the following organ system:
- gas exchange.

A

organs = trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
function = to take oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide.

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72
Q

What is the organ system and function of the following organs:

kidneys.
bladder.
urethra.
ureter.

A

organ system = excretory system.
function = to get rid of waste.

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73
Q

What are the organs and the organ system of the following function:
- to transmit impulses to parts of the body.

A

organs = brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

organ system = nervous system.

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74
Q

What are the organs and the function of the following organ system:
- sensory system.

A

organs = eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin.
function = to detect stimuli.

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75
Q

What is the organ system and function of the following organs:

ovaries.
oviduct.
uterus.
urethra.
vagina.
penis.
testis.

A

organ system = reproductive system.
function = to continue a species.

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76
Q

What are the organs and the organ system of the following function:
-to absorb water and mineral ions.

A

organ system = root system.

organ = root.

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77
Q

What are the organs and the function of the following organ system:
- reproduction (in plants).

A

organs = flowers and fruits/seed pods.
function = for pollination and contain seeds for dispersal.

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78
Q

What is the organ system and function of the following organs:

stems.
leaves.
vascular bundle.

A

organ system = shoot system.
function = to support the plant, to do photosynthesis, and to transport water, sucrose, etc.

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79
Q

Where is cytoplasm found and what does it contain?

A

Cytoplasm is found inside the cell and contains all the other cell structures.

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80
Q

What are the three functions of cytoplasm?

A

supports organelles.
site of many chemical reactions.
contains water and many solutes.

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81
Q

What is the large nucleus surrounded by?

A

The large nucleus is surrounded by a nuclear membrane to separate it from the cytoplasm.

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82
Q

What are the three functions of the large nucleus?

A

controls cell division.
contains genetic material in chromosomes which control how cells grow and work.
controls cell activities.

83
Q

What does the cell membrane surround?

A

The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm.

84
Q

What is the cell wall made of and what does it surround in plant cells?

A

The cell wall is made of cellulose and surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells.

85
Q

What are the 4 functions of the cell wall?

A

gives the cell extra support and defines its shape.
protects the cell.
it prevents the cell from bursting when it absorbs water by osmosis.
it is fully permeable to water and dissolved substances.

86
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cytoplasm that are packed with the pigment chlorophyll and so are green in color.

87
Q

What are the 3 functions of chlorophyll?

A

site of photosynthesis, providing food for plants.
the chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy and enzymes used to make glucose by photosynthesis.
stores starch.

88
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Vacuoles are large vesicles that take up a large part of the interior of plant cells.

89
Q

What are the 3 functions of the vacuole?

A

contains cell sap to provide turgor pressure which maintains the shape and firmness of the cell.
used for storage of certain materials.
also helps support the shape of the cell.

90
Q

What cells are mitochondria not found in?

A

prokaryotes/bacteria.

91
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are organelles found throughout the cytoplasm and they also contain a small quantity of DNA.

92
Q

What are the 2 functions of mitochondria?

A

site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell.
cells with high rates of metabolism will have significantly higher numbers of mitochondria than cells with lower numbers of reactions taking place in them.

93
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell.

94
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

site of protein production in protein synthesis.

95
Q

What are specialized cells and how are these differences controlled?

A

Specialized cells are those which have developed certain characteristics in order to perform particular functions. These differences are controlled by genes in the nucleus.

96
Q

Cells specialize by undergoing differentiation: Define differentiation.

A

This is a process by which cells develop the structure and characteristics needed to be able to carry out their functions.

97
Q

What is the function of the ciliated cell?

A

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi.

98
Q

What is the adaptation of a ciliated cell?

A

A
Cilia beat to move mucus and trapped particles in the trachea and bronchi.
Cilia are also found in the oviducts and they move the egg from the ovary to the uterus.

99
Q

Where are neurons found?

A

Found in the nervous system - brain, spinal cord and nerves.

100
Q

What does dendrite do?

A

Dendrite collects information from other cells.

101
Q

Why is the axon covered with a fatty sheath?

A

The axon is covered with a fatty sheath, which insulates the nerve cell and speeds up the nerve impulse.

102
Q

What is the name of the red pigment in red blood cells and what does it do?

A

Red blood cells contain the red pigment haemoglobin which transports oxygen.

103
Q

Why does the neuron cell have extensions and branches?

A

The cell has extensions and branches so that it can communicate with other nerves cells, muscles, and glands.

104
Q

Why are neuron cells long?

A

long so that neves can run to and from different parts of the body to the central nervous system.

105
Q

What is the benefit of the biconcave disc shape of a red blood cell?

A

biconcave disc shape increases surface area for more efficient diffusion of oxygen.

106
Q

Why do red blood cells contain no nucleus?

A

contains no nucleus to increase the amount of space available for hemoglobin inside the cell.

107
Q

What does the head of a sperm cell contain?

A

the head contains the genetic material for fertilization in a nucleus.

108
Q

What is the middle section of the sperm cell packed with?

A

The middle section is packed with mitochondria to release the energy needed to swim and fertilize the egg.

109
Q

What does the tail of the sperm enable it to do?

A

The tail enables the sperm to swim.

110
Q

What does the ovum contain a lot of?

A

Contains a lot of cytoplasm which has nutrients for the growth of the early embryo.

111
Q

Where are sperm cells and egg cells (ova) made?

A

Sperm cells are made in the testes and egg cells are made in the ovaries.

112
Q

What is the function of the following:

nerve cells.
red blood cells.
sperm and egg cells.

A

nerve cells = conduction of impulses.
red blood cells = transport of oxygen.
sperm and egg cells = reproduction.

113
Q

What does the root hair cell increase?

A

Root hair cells increase the surface area of a cell to ensure maximum absorption of water and mineral ions.

114
Q

Why are the walls of a root hair cell thin?

A

Walls are thin to ensure water moves through quickly.

115
Q

How are the cells of xylem vessels joined?

A

The cells of xylem vessels are joined end to end with no cross walls to form a long continuous tube.

116
Q

Why are the cells of xylem vessels dead?

A

Cells are dead without organelles or cytoplasm to allow free passage of water.

117
Q

How do the walls of xylem vessels become thickened?

A

Their walls become thickened with a substance called lignin which means they are able to help support the plant.

118
Q

What does the palisade mesophyll cell contain many of?

A

Contain many chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis.

119
Q

What is the function of the following:

root hair cells.
xylem vessels.
palisade mesophyll cell.

A

root hair cells = absorption of mineral ions and water from the soil.
xylem vessels = conduction of water through the plant; support of the plant.
palisade mesophyll cell = photosynthesis.

120
Q

What is the function of the following:

epidermis.
palisade and spongy mesophyll.
vascular tissue.

A

epidermis = protects against water loss, and may be involved in the absorption of water and ions.
palisade and spongy mesophyll= photosynthesis.
vascular tissue = transports materials through the plant body.

121
Q

What is the function of the following:

epithelium.
blood.
muscle tissue.

A

epithelium = lines tubes such as the gut and covers surfaces such as the skin.
blood = transports substances around the body, and defends against disease.
muscle tissue = muscles contract.

122
Q

Diagrams and practice calculations:
Magnification.
Image Size.
Actual Size.
Red blood cell.
Sperm and egg cells.
Ciliated cells.
Neurons.
Xylem vessels.
Palisade mesophyll cells.
Root hair cells.
Animal cells.
Plant cell.
Prokaryote cell.

A

Magnification.
Image Size.
Actual Size.
Red blood cell.
Sperm and egg cells.
Ciliated cells.
Neurons.
Xylem vessels.
Palisade mesophyll cells.
Root hair cells.
Animal cells.
Plant cell.
Prokaryote cell.

123
Q

Cell Membrane

A

Gatekeeper
Selectively permeable/partially permeable
Controls what substances enter and exit the cell (only allows certain things to enter)

124
Q

Cell Wall

A

Permeable
Protects the cell
Made of cellulose
Generally only found in plant cells
Gives it a regular shape

125
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Jelly-like substance
Site of chemical reactions
Where all organelles are located

126
Q

Nucleus

A

Controls daily activities/cell activities of the cell
Controls cell division
Stores genetic materials such as DNA and chromosomes that carry genes
Brain of the cell

127
Q

Vacuole

A

Filled with cell sap
Helps keep the cells shape
Stores substances
Large central vacuole to store water and create tension
Several small vacuoles in animal cells

128
Q

Mitochondria

A

Location and controls of respiration of energy
- Site of cellular respiration and aerobic respiration

129
Q

Chloroplast

A

Only found in plants
Has chlorophyll (green pigment)
Site of photosynthesis
Absorbs light energy

130
Q

Ribosomes

A

Smallest organelles
Protein synthesizers (builders)
Connect amino acids together to build proteins
Located in the rough ER

131
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging protein molecules
Plant cells have hundreds

132
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Network
Has ribosomes
Involved in protein synthesising and transporting

133
Q

Define Tissue

A

Group of cells with similar structure to carry out a specific function

134
Q

Define Organ

A

Group of tissues working together to carry out a specific function

135
Q

Define Organ System

A

Group of organs with related function to carry out a specific function

136
Q

Tissue-

A

group of cells of similar structure working together to perform the same function

137
Q

Organ

A

collection of different tissues working together to perform specific function

138
Q

Organ system-

A

group of organs with related functions working together to perform body functions

139
Q

cell

A

small building blocks that make up all living organisms.

140
Q

plant cell parts

A

cell wall present, cell membrane present surrounded by cell wall, permanent shape, chloroplast present ( where photosynthesis occurs, large permanent vacuole, nucleus present ( side of cell ) , cytoplasm present

141
Q

animal cell parts

A

cell wall absent, cell membrane present, shape varies as there is no cell wall, chloroplast absent, small vacuoles in cytoplasm, nucleus present ( anywhere in the cell ), cytoplasm present

142
Q

Cell membrane

A

● Keeps contents of cell inside
● Partially permeable (controls movement of substances in and out)

143
Q

Nucleus

A

● Controls all the activities of the cell
● Controls how cells develop
● Contains genetic info

144
Q

Cytoplasm

A

● Site for chemical reactions such as respiration and protein synthesis

145
Q

Chloroplast

A

● Contains chlorophyll, which absorbs light for photosynthesis
● Stores starch

146
Q

Cell wall

A

● Prevents the cell from expanding too much when it is filled with water
● Gives the cell its shape
● It is almost completely permeable

147
Q

Sap vacuole

A

● Filled with water, sugar, and salt to help maintain the shape of the cell

148
Q

Rough ER

A

Small ends of the rough ER are pinched off to form vesicles where protein can
be stored or transported (not found in prokaryotes)

149
Q

Ribosomes

A

● Small organelles that carry out protein synthesis (make proteins)

150
Q

Mitochondria

A

● Almost all cells, except prokaryotes, have mitochondria
● The outer membrane controls the entry and exit of substances
● Aerobic respiration takes place on the inner membrane

151
Q

Ciliated epithelial cells found in

A

Trachea. Bronchi. Oviduct

152
Q

features of Ciliated
epithelial cells

A

These cells have
small hairs called
cilia on their
surfaces

153
Q

Ciliated
epithelial cells function

A

Cilia beat back and forth to create a
current in the fluid. In the trachea, mucus
is swept into the gullet. In the oviduct, the
egg is moved

154
Q

Root hair
cells found in

A

extensions
from the roots
of a plant

155
Q

Root hair
cells features

A

Long extensions
Thin cell wall
Xylem vessels close
to the wall

156
Q

Root hair
cells function

A

Large surface area for absorption
Quick diffusion

157
Q

Xylem
vessels found in

A

Plant stems

158
Q

Nerve cells found in

A

the
nerves of
organisms with
nervous
systems

159
Q

Red blood
cells found in

A

blood of
organisms

160
Q

Red blood cells features

A

Hemoglobin
Biconcave disc
No nucleus

161
Q

Red blood cells function

A

Binds to O 2
Increases the surface area for the
absorption of O2
More hemoglobin, so more O 2 carried

162
Q

Palisade
mesophyll
cells found in

A

plant’s leaves

163
Q

Palisade
mesophyll
cells features

A

Lots of chloroplasts
Cellulose cell wall

164
Q

Palisade
mesophyll
cells function

A

Increases rate of photosynthesis
Strengthens the cell and gives it shape

165
Q

Sperm cells found in

A

Male’s testes

166
Q

Sperm cells features

A

Acrosome, Flagellum

167
Q

Egg cells found in

A

Female’s ovary

168
Q

Egg cells features

A

Yolk
Jelly coating

169
Q

Egg cells function

A

A store of energy for zygote
Changes composition to allow 1 sperm

170
Q

specialized cell example

A

muscle cell

171
Q

tissue example

A

muscle tissue

172
Q

organ example

A

heart

173
Q

system example

A

circulatory system

174
Q

organism example

A

human body

175
Q

Cytoplasm

A

found inside the cell and contains all the other cell structures

176
Q

The large nucleus is surrounded by a

A

nuclear membrane to separate it from the
cytoplasm

177
Q

The cell membrane surrounds the

A

cell

178
Q

The cell wall is made of

A

cellulose and surrounds the cell membrane in plant cells

179
Q

Chloroplasts

A

organelles found in the cytoplasm that are packed with the pigment chlorophyll and so are green in colour

180
Q

Vacuoles

A

are large vesicles that take up a large part of the interior of plant cell

181
Q

Mitochondria

A

singular: mitochondrion) are organelles found throughout the cytoplasm

182
Q

Ribosome

A

are tiny structures that can be free within the cytoplasm or attached to a system of membranes within the cell known as Endoplasmic Reticulum

183
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

studded with ribosomes looks rough under the microscope; this gives rise to its name of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
(R.E.R.)

184
Q

Vesicles

A

also be seen using a higher magnification – these are small
circular structures found moving throughout the cytoplasm

185
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains genetic material in chromosomes which
Control how cells grow and work
Controls cell division

186
Q

Cytoplasm

A

supports cell structures
site of many chemical reactions
contains water and many solute

187
Q

Cell membrane function

A

holds the cell together
controls substances entering and leaving the cell

188
Q

Cell wall function

A

gives the cell extra support and defines its shape

189
Q

Chloroplast function

A

site of photosynthesis, providing food for plants
the chlorophyll pigments absorb light energy needed for the reaction to
occur

190
Q

Vacuoles function

A

contains cell sap
used for storage of certain materials
also helps support the shape of the cell

191
Q

Mitochondria function

A

site of aerobic respiration, providing energy for the cell
cells with high rates of metabolism (carrying out many different cell reactions) will have significantly higher numbers of mitochondria than cells with lower numbers of reactions taking place in them

192
Q

Ribosomes function

A

site of protein production in protein synthesis

193
Q

Vesicles function

A

used to safely transport substances from one part of the cell to another

194
Q

New cells are produced by

A

division of existing cells.

195
Q

Specialized cells have

A

specific functions

196
Q

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

A

movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi

197
Q

root hair cells

A

absorption

198
Q

palisade mesophyll cells

A

photosynthesis

199
Q

neurons

A

conduction of electrical impulses

200
Q

red blood cells

A

transport of oxygen

201
Q

sperm and egg cells (gametes)

A

reproduction

202
Q

Magnification =

A

image size/ actual size

203
Q

1mm =

A

1000μm

Biology Flashcards (20 decks)

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