Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 9. Transport in Animals > Flashcards

9. Transport in Animals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Circulatory System

A

A system of blood vessels with a pump (the heart) and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Heart

A

The pump in a circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Blood vessels

A

Tubes through which the blood flows.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Valves

A

Structures which permit the flow of blood in one direction only.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the double circulatory system?

A
  • Found in mammals
  • Blood passes through the heart twice. - Every time the heart beats, some blood is sent to the lungs and some is sent to the heart.
  • The blood in each circuit is kept separate and at different pressures.
  • Blood going to the lungs is at a low pressure (to not burst capillaries), blood going to the body is at high pressure so it can go all the way around.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why do we need the double circulatory system?

A
  • More efficient way of delivering oxygen to the tissues than single circulation.
  • Ensure blood going to the body is under high pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Two circuit types in double circulation.

A
  • In the first (shorter) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart.
  • In the second (longer) circuit, the blood flows from the heart to the other parts of the body and then back to the heart.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the single circulatory system?

A

The blood only flows through the heart once…

Eg. in fish…

(blood flows)

heart → gills → rest of the body → (returns to) heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Oxygenation

A

The addition of oxygen to the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deoxygenated

A

Describes blood or other substance containing no, or low levels, of oxygen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The higher the blood pressure… - In double circulation

A
  • The greater the flow of blood
  • The further the blood can travel in the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bonuses of double circulation

A
  • Oxygen and glucose for respiration are supplied rapidly to the cells in the body, and waste carbon dioxide and water are removed quickly from them.
  • Blood can be supplied to distant parts of large animals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Septum

A

Structure that separates the two sides of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atrium

A

An upper chamber of the heart.

  • Atria have thinner cardiac muscle. This is bc the atrium only needs to pump blood into the ventricle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ventricle

A

A lower chamber of the heart.

  • The ventricle have thicker cardiac muscle. This is bc the ventricle has to pump blood around the whole body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Arteries

A

Thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Veins

A

Type of thin-walled blood vessel that carries blood to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Semilunar valve

A

Valve that controls the flow of blood from a ventricle of the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

A valve that controls the flow of blood between the atria and ventricles in the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiac muscle thickness in the heart

A
  • The walls of the ventricles are thicker than the walls of the atria.
  • The left ventricle walls are thicker than the right ventricle walls.

This is bc the left ventricle has to pump blood around the whole body. The right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How to monitor heartbeats

A
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Listening to the sounds of valves closing
  • Determining the pulse rate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

A graph that shows the electrical activity of the heart.

Recorded by attatching electrodes to the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Listening to the sounds of valves closing

A

Sounds like “lub-dup, lub-dup, lub-dup”

  • The ‘lub’ is when blood flow closes the valves between the atria and the ventricles (atrioventricular valves)
  • The ‘dup’ is when blood flow closes the valves between the atria and the arteries leading from the heart (semilunar valves)
24
Q

Pulse

A
  • Caused by the expansion and recoil of an artery due to the pressure of blood pumped from the heart.
  • Each time the left ventricle contracts, it creates a pulse
25
Q

Stages in a heartbeat

A
  1. Blood flows from veins into the atria.
  2. The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles. The fall in pressure in the atria causes the atrioventricular valves to close.
  3. The ventricles contract, pushing blood into arteries. The fall in pressure in the ventricles causes the semilunar valves to close.
26
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Blood vessels that branch from the aorta to supply blood to the heart.

They divide into branches that surround the heart.

27
Q

Blocked arteries

A
  • Blocked coronary artery –> Cardiac muscle won’t get oxygenated blood –> no energy for contraction –> Heart muscle becomes damaged + may die due to loss of blood supply.
28
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Refers to the disease that arises when coronary arteries are unable to supply oxygen rich blood to the heart muscles due to blockages in them.

29
Q

Risk factors for Coronary Heart Disease

A
  • age
  • diet
  • genetic predisposition (whether or not there is a family history of CHD)
  • gender
  • smoking
  • stress
30
Q

Preventing/ reducing risk for coronary heart disease

A
  • Balanced diet –> reducign fat/ cholesterol + salt
  • Exercise –> decreases blood pressure + weight + may reduce stress levels
  • Foods that decrease chance of CHD

= Olive oil, fruits, salads, oily fish

31
Q

Path of blood (through blood vessels)

A

Artery carries oxygenated blood away from heart towards the capillary bed.

The capillary bed distributes oxygen + nutrients from blood to surrounding tissues.

The capillaries then join up to form veins.

Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.

32
Q

Features of the artery

A
  • Carries oxygenated blood at high pressure
  • Thick layer of msucle + elastic fibres in layer below artery wall. Allows the artery to be narrowed or widened to control blood flow
  • Narrow lumen - Maintains higher blood pressure
  • Smooth lining along lumen - Allows for unrestricted blood flow
  • Thick outer wall - Protects higher pressure blood flow against leaks
33
Q

Features of the capillary

A
  • ery small lumen, just wide enough for red blood cells to squeeze through in single file.
  • It’s wall is extremely thin and consists of only a single layer of cells.
34
Q

Features of the vein

A
  • Thin layer of muscle and elastic fibres below vein wall –> Allows vein to widen to encourage lower pressure blood flow
  • Large lumen –> Allows lower pressure blood to travel more easily
  • Smooth lining - Allows unrestricted blood flow
  • Valves - Ensure blood flows in one direction only through the vein, from the capillary bed to the heart
  • Thin outer wall - Lower blood pressure needs less protection
35
Q

Lumen

A

Internal space of blood vesselC

36
Q

Capillary bed

A

Distributes oxygen + nutrients from blood to surrounding tissues

37
Q

Capillary

A

The smallest type of blood vessel; thin walls allow substances to be easily exchanged with the surrounding tissues.

38
Q

Arteries - Expansion + elastic recoil

A
  • Bloow flowing out of heart enters arteries at high pressure bc of cotnraction of msucular ventricles
  • Walls of artery are strong to withstand thsi pressure + contain elastic tissues.
  • Elastic tissues respond to rythmic changes in blood pressure –> tissues stretch + relax to make flow of blood smoother (causes the feeling of a pulse)

Tissue stretching = Expansion

Tissue relaxing = Elastic recoil

39
Q

Capillaries - Substance exchange - Detailed

A
  • Capillaries allow substance exchange to and from the bodies cells.
  • Oxygen + nutrients leave capillaries to go to the body’s cells.
  • Carbon dioxide + wastes leave the body’s cells to go to the capillaries.
40
Q

Vein - How blood gets pushed through them - Detailed

A
  • Veins have valves to ensure the flow of blood is towards the heart and not going backwards bc of the low blood pressure.
  • Skeletal muscles in body (surrounding veins) help push blood in the veins towards the heart by squeezing them every time they contract.
41
Q

Blood vessels to/from heart

A

To organ

  • Pulmonary vein (from lungs)
  • Vena cava (from the body)

(coronary arteries –> branch off from the aorta)

From organ

  • Pulmonary artery (to lungs)
  • Aorta (to the body)

(coronary arteries –> branch off from the aorta)

42
Q

Blood vessel to/from lungs

A

To organ

  • Pulmonary artery

From organ

  • Pulmonary vein
43
Q

Blood vessel to/from kidney

A

To organ

  • Renal artery

From organ

  • Renal vein
44
Q

Portal vein

A

A vein that travels from one capillary bed to another.

45
Q

Blood vessels to/from liver

A

To organ

  • Hepatic artery
  • Hepatic portal vein

From organ

  • Hepatic vein
46
Q

Components of blood

A

Plasma
Platelets
Red blood cells
White blood cells

47
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that help in the clotting of blood.

48
Q

Plasma

A

A fluid in which the blood cells and platelets are suspended, and which contains dissolved ions, proteins, glucose and amino acids.

49
Q

Red blood cells

A

Type of animal cell that contains haemoglobin, and which transports oxygen around the body.

50
Q

Red blood cells - Adaptations

A
  • Biconcave shape - Surface area vs volume = faster diffusion + allows red blood cells to bend when travelling through thin capillaries.
  • No nucleus - More space for haemoglobin molecules
  • Cells = very thin –> oxygen only has to diffuse a short distance to reach the centre of the cell.
51
Q

How haemoglobin molecules works

A

Haemoglobin = protein giving red cells their colour

Combines with oxygen (bonds with it) when oxygen levels are high + releases oxygen when oxygen levels are low.

Oxygen diffuses into red blood cells in the lungs

Oxygen bonds with haemoglobin molecules.

Haemoglobin molecules release oxygen to the body tissues.

52
Q

Haemoglobin

A

The iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that carries oxygen.

53
Q

White blood cells - Components of blood

A
  • Large lobed nucleus + nearly colourless cells

(have to be stained to be able to see them in a microscope)

Part fo bodies immune system –> (phagocytes + lymphocytes)

54
Q

Fibrin

A

Insoluble protein that forms a mesh to trap platelets during the formation of a clot.

55
Q

How a blod clot forms

A

1) When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets get activated and accumlate at the injury site.

2) The activated latelets stick to each other + site of injury, forming a temporary plug.

3) Platelets trigger a series of complex reactions at the injury site by releasing various substances.

4) (Blood plasma contains a soluble protein called fibrinogen which circulates in the body in an inactive form)

5) The substances released by the activated platelets at the injury site, convert eh soluble fibrinogen into insoluble form (fibrin)

6) The fibrin comes together in threads to form a mesh aroudn the site of the injury.

7) This mesh traps the red blood cells + platelets, forming a blood clot

8) The blood clot dires, forming a dry, roguh, protective crust called a scab. Under the scab healing takes place.

Eventually the scab falls away once healing is done.

56
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A
  • The liver is supplied oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery.
  • However, the hepatic portal vein supplies deoxygenated blood to the liver as well.

This blood doesn’t contain oxygen, however it does contain digested nutrients which travel to the liver. Amino acids get assimilated by the liver and toxic materials get removed.

57
Q

Path of the single circulatory system vs the double circulatory system

A

Double circulatory :

heart → lungs → heart → rest of the body → heart

Single circulatory :

heart → gills → rest of the body → heart

Biology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions