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Biology > 2. Organisation of the organism > Flashcards

2. Organisation of the organism Flashcards

2.1 Cell structure 2.2 Size of specimens

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1
Q

Cells

A

The smallest basic units of all living organisms.

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2
Q

Cell membrane

A

The boundary of a cell, which regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

A jelly-like substance that is the site for most chemical reactions in a cell.

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4
Q

DNA

A

A large molecule made from bases, and which carries genetic information in the form of genes.

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

The nucleus is an organelle found in animal and plant cells. It contains genetic information (DNA) and controls all the activities of the cell.

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sub-cellular structures in which protein synthesis takes place.

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

(singular: mitochondrion) Sub-cellular structures that release energy for the cell by aerobic respiration.

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8
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Sub-cellular structures found in some plant cells; the site of photosynthesis.

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9
Q

Which kingdom’s cells do not include mitochondria?

A

Prokaryotes

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10
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Green pigment found in plants, which absorbs energy from sunlight for photosynthesis.

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11
Q

Vacuoles

A

Relatively large, permanent structures in plant cells, filled with cell sap.

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12
Q

Cell wall

A

The outer layer of a plant cell, made of a network of cellulose fibres.

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13
Q

Circular DNA

A

Chromosomal DNA found in bacteria.

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14
Q

Plasmids

A

A short loop of DNA found in bacteria that is not part of the bacteria’s chromosome.

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15
Q

Root hair cells

A

Type of cell in plant roots that has a large surface area for the absorption of water and mineral ions from the soil.

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16
Q

Palisade mesophyll cell

A

Specialised cell in leaves packed with many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell

A

Type of specialised cell with cilia (fine hairs) that sweep mucus out of the trachea.

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18
Q

Neurone

A

A neurone is a specialised cell that transmits electrical nerve impulses.

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19
Q

Red blood cell

A

Type of animal cell that contains haemoglobin, and which transports oxygen around the body.

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20
Q

Egg cell

A

The female gamete. Also called an ovum (plural: ova).

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21
Q

Sperm cell

A

The male gamete in humans and other animals.

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22
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of stages that takes place in a growing and dividing cell

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23
Q

Mitosis

A

A form of nuclear division that gives rise to genetically identical cells.

24
Q

Flagellum

A

Long, thin parts that protrude from unicellular organisms to assist movement.

25
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Involved in the manufacture and transport of proteins (has ribosomes)

26
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Involved in the synthesis and storage of liquids (has no ribosomes)

27
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Complex of vesicles + folded membranes involved in secretion and intercellular transport.

28
Q

Transport vesicle

A

Transports “cargo” (usuall proteins) from endoplasmic reticulum to golgi

29
Q

Secretory vesicle

A

A vesicle that transports “cargo” to the cell membrane where it fuses and “cargo” leaves.

30
Q

Pili

A

Protruding parts of prokaryotic (bacteria) cells. Provide link to external environment (attatch to, host etc.)

31
Q

Glycocalyx (capsule)

A

Stops bacteria being identified by white blood cells.

32
Q

Septum

A

Internal cross walls called “septa” between hypae cells in mycellium. (fungi)

33
Q

Resolution

A

The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together.

34
Q

Magnification (def)

A

The degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself.

35
Q

Magnification (formula)

A

Size of image / Actual size of image

36
Q

How many cm in a metre?

A

100cm

37
Q

How many mm in a cm

A

10mm

38
Q

How many micrometres in a mm

A

1000μm

39
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function.

40
Q

What are the four basic tissues in the human body?

A

Muscular tissue, Nervous tissue, Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue.

41
Q

Muscular tissue

A

Cells can contract and relax to allow movement.

42
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Different neurones allow messages to be carried to and from the brain.

43
Q

Connective tissue

A

Examples inclue blood, bone, fat and cartilage.

44
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Lines organs. Cells are regular geometric shapes and have obvious nuclei. (usually have protruding shapes, eg. ciliated epithelial cell).

45
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions (the tissues may not have the same specific functions).

46
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perorm body functions (eg. respiratory system, digestive system, skin etc.)

47
Q

Magnification (formula)

A

Magnification = Size of image / Size of object

48
Q

1 µm = ? mm

A

1 µm = 0.001 mm

49
Q

1 micrometre

A

1 µm = 0.001 mm

50
Q

Converting between micrometres and millimetres

A

µm → mm divide by 1000
mm → µm multiply by 1000

51
Q

Levels of organisation

A

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

52
Q

Tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a shared function.

53
Q

Organ

A

A structure made up of a group of tissues working together to perform specific functions.

54
Q

Organ System

A

A group of organs with related functions, working together to perform body functions.

55
Q

Circulatory System (example of levels of organisms)

A
  • Many smooth muscle cells group together to form tissue.
  • Layers of smooth muscle tissue make up organs.
  • Arteries are organs containing layers of smooth muscle tissue that transport blood out of the heart (one of the other organs in the circulatory system)
  • Arteries do this job to help the circulatory system perform its function as an organ system.
  • This and other organ systems, each with different functions, work in a coordinated way to keep an organism’s body working.
56
Q

Examples of Organ systems

A
  • Plant shoot
  • Plant root
  • Digestive system
  • Circulatory system
  • Immune system
  • Respiratory system
  • Excretory system
  • Nervous system
  • Reproductive system
57
Q

Bacteria cell - Parts we need to know

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA, plasmids.

Don’t need to know

Pilli, glycocalyx, (sometimes flagellum)

Biology (21 decks)

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