9: Social Exclusion

Question 1

Transport-related barriers to social inclusion (social exclusion has negative effect on well-being)

Answer 1

1. Availability and physical accessibility of transport
2. Cost of transport
3. Services located in inaccessible places
4. Safety and security, or fear of crime
5. Travel horizons (people on low incomes are less willing to travel to access work opportunities)

Question 2

Transport disadvantage

Answer 2

People experience shortage of transport options and/or have restricted abilities to use available options, which (in turn) restricts their mobility and hence their access to goods, services and relationships
People at risk of social exclusion may be transport disadvantaged, but not all that are disadvantages are necessarily at risk of social exclusion

Question 3

Result of lower level of realized mobility

Answer 3

(Number of activities the person is likely to engage)

Higher likelihood that person is risk of social exclusion, because transport is derived demand

Question 4

Transport injustice paradox

Answer 4

One side, widespread ambition to create more sustainable urban transport system
Other side, urban infrastructure favors the least sustainable transport mode, the car

Question 5

Transport injustices (dimensions)

Answer 5

1. Exposure to traffic risks and pollutants (accident risks, distress (antisocial behavior), noise, harmful substances, smell, climate change) - pedestrians and cyclist die more often, but not cause the accidents (higher fatality risk) and are more exposed to substances
2. Distribution of space (area use, accessibility and transport disadvantage)
3. Valuation of time (priority given to cars)

Question 6

Implementation gap

Answer 6

(Expected) social resistance to change

(Perceived) cost of infrastructure change