9: Sex & Gender Flashcards
LGBTQ people: India, Pakistan
“Hijra”: means “impotent”
Either born intersex, or males with feminine gender identity (these ones get wilfully castrated
Indian and Pakistani LGBTQ: how are they viewed in society? What roles do they take?
Historically, negatively. Pitied for being outcasted by Allah. Feared for being believed to be able to cast spells.
Often work as sex workers, beggars, or entertainers at weddings
But more recently have become beauticians, models, activists, and politicians!
Two Spirit, gender presentation/expression/role
- typically accepted as “one of the girls”
- usually wore women’s clothing
- usually did women’s work
- usually romantically involved with other men
- could have husbands or lovers!
Two-spirit: respected?
Yes! They were seen to have wisdom; eyes of both men and women.
Healers, mediators, dream interpreters ==> High status and power
LGBT in Albania
Sworn virgins
- common in areas where war or plague decimated male population
- also when family patriarch dies, leaving unmarried women powerless/resourceless
- women take an oath of virginity and take on male roles and male gender presentation
Gender ideology
A system of thoughts and values that legitimizes gender roles, stereotypes, and hierarchy
Arapesh
Had equal child-rearing and domestic roles
Mundugumor
Hostility between fam members of the same sex. And cannibalism?
Tchambuli
Women in economic and working roles! Men involved in “art, gossiping, and hair”
Six Nations Iroquois Confederacy
Matrilineal
Women legal title holders
Women select leaders (who are often men)
Minangkabau
Women control inheritance
Men live in women’s residence
Consensus-based decision making
Mbutu
Giving birth gives u high status (as it should tbh)
More egalitarian; mutual respect brown sexes
