9: review Flashcards
What is DISA?
DIET, INACTIVITY, SMOKING, ALCOHOL
Causes of Death related to DISAs
Heart Disease- •Cancer- •Stroke - •Diabetes - •Related to Age “Diseases”: Sarcopenia, Alzheimers, Osteoporosis,
Exercise
- Lowers body fat
- Cholesterol +
- Anti-inflammatory
- Maintains muscle/bone
- Blood pressure
- HSPs
- Antioxidants
- Hormesis
- Insulin
- Mental health
Diet
- Low calories? CR?
- Low in fat (saturated)
- Anti-inflammatory agents- alums, tumeric, etc.
- Anti-cancer agents- avoid nitrites
- Essential nutrients-
- Low salt- BP
- Alcohol – FR, tissue damage
- Vitamins
- Anti-oxidants- C, E,
- Complex carbs, HFCS, GI?
- Fibre
WAT is a major endocrine and signaling organ.
•secretes adipokines
•- adiponectin,
•-leptin,
•-IL-6,
•-MCP-1 (Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, a member of the small inducible gene (SIG) family, plays a role in the recruitment of monocytes)
•-TNFα
–engage in extensive cross-talk with other tissues.
–linked to inflammation and immunity and these include cytokines, chemokines and acute phase proteins.
–In obesity, adipose tissue exhibits a major inflammatory response with increased production of inflammation-related adipokines.
–proposed that hypoxia may underlie the inflammatory response in adipose tissue and evidence that the tissue is hypoxic in obesity has been obtained in animal models.
Adipose Tissue Secrets Proteins
ACE
Angriotensinogen
Angiotensinogen, A1, ACE,
a renin substrate- forms Angiotensin I
•Angiotensin I appears to have no biological activity and exists solely as a precursor to angiotensin 2.
•angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, or kinase), converts Angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the capillaries of the lung.
Angiotensin II
a protein, causes blood vessels to constrict, and drives blood pressure up.
•part of the renin-angiotensin system,
•Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.
•Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up.
•causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, and release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Leptin
key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism
one of the most important adipose derived hormones
Decreased leptin
weight loss
increased food intake
decreased EE
Increased leptin
weight gain
decreased food intake
increased EE
TNFalpha
cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and is a member of a group of cytokines that stimulate the acute phase* reaction .
primary role of TNF is in the regulation of immune cells
also able to induce apoptotic cell death, to induce inflammation, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral replication
Dysregulation and, in particular, overproduction of TNF have been implicated in a variety of human diseases, as well as cancer
Where is TNFalpha produced
is produced mainly by macrophages, but also by other cell types.
Large amounts of TNF alpha are released in response in..
lipopolysaccharides, other bccterial produces and IL-1
TNF alpha & hypothalamus
Stimulating of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by stimulating the release of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH- ATCH—Cortisol),
TNF alpha and the liver
stimulating the acute phase response, leading to an increase in C-reactive protein. It induces insulin resistance by promoting serine-phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), which impairs insulin signaling.
TNF alpha and neutrophils
potent chemo-attractant for neutrophils, and helps them to stick to the endothelial cells for migration
TNFa stimulates…
macrophages- phagocytosis, and production of IL-1 oxidants and the inflammatory lipid prostaglandin E2 PGE2 (—-fever)
A local increases in concentration of TNF will cause…
the cardinal signs of Inflammation to occur: heat, swelling, redness, and pain.
high systemic concentrations of TNF induce…
shock-like symptoms, the prolonged exposure to TNF can result in cachexia, a wasting syndrome. - tumor patients.
Antiinflammatory factors
adiponectin
insulin
inflammatory factors
Hyperglycemia Cytokines/Chemokines -IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1 Inflammatory markers Impaired preadipocyte differentiation
Environmental Stressors
Exercise Heat Stress Amino Acid Analogues Heavy Metals inhibitors of energy metabolism
Patho-physiological Stressors
Fever Hypertrophy Oxidant Injury Inflammation Ischemia Anti-neoplastic Chemicals Viral Infection
Non-Stressful Conditio
Development and Differentiation
Oncogenes and Proto-oncogens
growth factors
cell cycle
How do Cells respond to Protein damaging stressors?
functional proteins, denatured proteins, SPs,
HSP72
exercise increases this and a stress reducer
Can Exercise induce the Cellular Stress Response
if so WHAT DOES THIS MEAN
YES, Exercise Induces Stress Proteins
EXERCISE INDUCTION OF STRESS PROTEINS APPEARS
TO PROTECT THE HEART
