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Exercise Physiology > 6: cardiorespiratory endurance > Flashcards

6: cardiorespiratory endurance Flashcards

1
Q

what is the breathing rate at rest?

A

12-20 breaths/minute

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2
Q

What is the heart rate at rest?

A

50-90 beats/min

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3
Q

What is the cardaic output at rest?

A

5L/min

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4
Q

What is blood distribution to muscles at rest?

A

15-20%

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5
Q

during exercise what is the breathing rate

A

40-60 breaths/min

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6
Q

During exercise what is the heart rate?

A

170-210 beats.min

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output during exercise

A

25L/min

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8
Q

What is the percentage of blood distributed to muscles durign exercise?

A

85-90%

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9
Q

Ventilation

A

increases with exercise to meet the increased demand of gas exchange

during exercise; ventilation can increase from 6L/m at rest to over 150L/min during maximal exercise and to more than 200L/min during maximal voluntary breathing

with exercise/endurance training, the lungs become more efficient in gas exchange

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10
Q

Cardiac output (Q)

A

amount of blood pumped per unit time (usually a min)

Q (L/min) =HR x SV

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11
Q

Stroke volume (SV)

A

the amount of blood that is ejected or pumped from the LEFT ventricle during systole.

SV = vent. volume - amoutn left

@ rest = 70ml/beat
@ max = 190 ml/breat

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12
Q

during exercise what is the cardiac output distribution compared to at rest?

A

blood flow at rest is evently set out whereas during exercise, most of the blood flow is to the muscles

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13
Q

Heart heart reserve (HRR)

A

HRR = Max HR - Resting HR

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14
Q

oxygen uptake:

A

the amount of oxygen that is consumed by the body due to aerobic metabolism
measured: volume of oxygen that is consumed (vo2) in a given time
incareases in relation to the maount of energy that is required to perform an activity

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15
Q

Vo2max

A

a measure used to evaluate the maximal volume of o2 that can be supplied to and consumed by the body

the maximal rate at which the body can take up and utilise o2.
absolute = L/min; relative = mL/kg/min

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16
Q

oxygen uptake; incrreased capillarization

A

can affect the abilty fo the circulatory system to place a RBC close to tissues that are using the oxygen; this increases the ability of those tissues to extract the req’d o2 due to shorter diffusion distance

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17
Q

oxygen uptake: hematocrit

A

alter the o2 uptake by increasingly or decreasing the amount of o2 that is supplied to working tissues

ability fo the tissues to extract oxygen (a-C o2 difference) directly affects o2 uptake.

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18
Q

Fick Equation

A

determines the rate at which a person uses oxygen in their body – which is also known as VO2
Vo2= Q x (a-v)02 difference

19
Q

RBC

A

erythrocytes

primary fn: transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and remove co2 from the body

20
Q

Hematocrit

A

the percentage of the blood made up of RBCs

21
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • A protein containing iron.
  • Each molecule can bond to and transport four oxygen molecules.
  • The amount of oxygen that is carried by the blood is dependent upon the partial pressure of oxygen (PO2).
  • The difference in the amount of oxygen that is present in the blood as it leaves the lungs and the amount of oxygen that is present in the blood when it returns to the lungs is called the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v O2 difference), measured in ml of oxygen per liter of blood (ml O2/L ).
  • If the a-v O2 difference increases, it means that the body is using more oxygen.
  • The typical a-v O2 difference at rest is about 4 to 5 ml O2/L, while during exercise the a-v O2 difference can increase to 15 ml O2/L.
22
Q

WHat is EPO?

A

erythropoeitin

a circulating hormone, is the principal factor that stimulates red blood cell formation.
secreted in response to low oxygen levels (when one goes to altitude) and also in response to exercise, thus increasing the percentage of new red blood cells in the body.

23
Q

WHere is bv produced?

A

bone marrow

24
Q

what is reticulocytes

A

new rbc

contains more hb than older rbc; carry greater amount of o2

25
Q

EPO production

A

high altitude (low o2 level) has an effect on EPO production, which in turn generates a high production of RBC

26
Q

VO2 max as a predictor of performance

A
  • In elite athletes, VO2 max is a good but not a great predictor of performance.
  • VO2 max represents an athlete’s aerobic potential speed at a given VO2 may be more important.
  • Same level of aerobic power but one may reach their VO2 max at a running speed of 20 km/hr and the other at 22 km/hr. Running economy (RE) is the energy demand for a given velocity of submaximal running.
  • Lactate threshold- more predictive of performance (the speed at lactate threshold vs actual value itself).
27
Q

lactate threshold

A

the pt at which white blood lactic acid suddenly rises during incremental exercise
aka anaerobic threshold

practical uses in prediction of performance and as a marker of exercise intensity

28
Q

Lactate (LA) accumulation

A

LA accumulation = LA production - LA removal

29
Q

Other mechanisms for lactate threshold

A

failure of the mito hydrogen shuttle to keep pace with glycolysis
- excess NADH in sarcoplasm favours converion of pyruvic acid to actic acid

30
Q

Type of LDH:

A
  • enzyme that converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid

- LDH in fast twitch fibres favours formation of lactic acid

31
Q

Source of fuel during exercise:

A
  • CHO (blood glucose, muscle glycogen)
  • fat (plasma FFA 9from adipose tissue liipolysis); intramuscular triglycerides
  • protein (only a small contribution to Total energy production) (may increase to 5-15% late in prolong exercise
  • blood lactate (gluconeogenesis via the Cori cycle)
32
Q

Exercise duration and fuel selection

A
  • during prolong exercise there is a shift from CHO metabolism toward fat metabolism
  • increased rate of lipolysis
    (breakdown of triglycerides into glycerol and FFA; stimualted by rising blood levels of epinephrine)
33
Q

interaction of FAT and CHO metabolism durign exercise

A

fats burn in the flame of CHO
glycogen is depleted during prolong high intensity exercise
- reduced rate of glycolysis and production of pyruvate
- reduced krebs cycle intermediates
- reduced fat oxidation (fats are metabolized by krebs cycle)

34
Q

respiratory exchange ratio

A

the ratio between the amount of co2 exhaled and o2 inhaled one breath is the respiratory exchange ratio

RER = VCo2/CO2

35
Q

Aerobic system changes with training:

Cardiovascular adaptations

A 
cardiac hypertrophy: the "athelete's heart"
plasma volume
HR
Sv
Q
oxygen extraction (a-delta difference)
blood flow nad distribution
BP
36
Q

Plasma volume

A

during exercise there is a shift of water from the plasma volume to intracellular and Interstitial spaces, thus decreasing overall blood volume

37
Q

What are the 3 major reasons for decreasing overall volume:

A

1) Sweating can reduces blood plasma volume.
2) buildup of metabolic by products in the muscle, increases its osmotic gradient, pulls water in.
3) blood pressure increases with exercise forcing water into the interstitial spaces
- exercise can cause blood volume to drop as much as 10%.
- impede performance as it will have a direct result on decreasing the amount of blood returning to the heart and stroke volume..

38
Q

following endurance training…

A

Due primarily to two mechanisms which increase plasma volume.
1) exercise induces the release of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone
act to retain more water and blood volume
2) endurance exercise training can increase the osmotic gradient of blood by increasing plasma proteins, especially albumin.

39
Q

Aerobic system changes with training:

pulmondary adaptation with training

A
  • maximal exercise (inreaes ventilation)
  • submaximal exercise (tidal volumes increases and breathing frequency decreafses)
  • training may benefit ventilatory endurance
40
Q

Aerobic system changes with training:

metabolic adaptation with training

A 
number and size of mito
aerobic system enzymes
fat and CHO metabolism
muscle fibre type and size
myoglobin concentration
41
Q

Aerobic system changes with training:

blood lactate concentration

A

decreased production

increased clearence

42
Q

common long term adaptations to endurance training

A 
HR at rest and max decreases
SV at rest and max increases 
Q rest and max increases
heart volume increases
blood volume increases Other aerobic training adaptations:
43
Q

Other aerobic training adaptations:

A

body comps changes (increased lean mass; decreased fat mass)
body heat transfer
performance changes
psychological benefits

Exercise Physiology (9 decks)

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