9 - Mumbai Case Study Flashcards
Name a case study on a mega city.
Mumbai
Where is Mumbai?
The west coast of India.
How is Mumbai globally important?
A major port on the Indian Ocean.
India’s financial centre.
A hub of industry and services.
A cultural centre - home to the Bollywood movie industry.
Give evidence for migration to Mumbai and explain why migrants from rural India move to Mumbai.
The population of Mumbai has increased from 5.9 million in 1971, to 20.7 million in 2016.
To find jobs!
Inequality of living conditions, education, sex, (mental) health, race.
What social and economic issues has rapid migration in Mumbai led to?
Over half of the population live in slums.
A quarter of all of India’s millionaires live in Mumbai’s CBD.
Inequalities in education, literacy rate is 60% in slums, 90% in whole city and lower for women than for men.
Few opportunities for women in the slums…prostitution.
Only 30% of slum residents have access to public healthcare. Malaria outbreaks are common. High infant mortality rate - 26 in 1000 children die.
Depression is common in slums.
Racial discrimination of African migrants - face prejudice in the workplace and receive verbal abuse and greater risk of police arrest.
Why is Mumbai vulnerable to flooding?
Monsoon climate - a long dry season followed by intense rainfall. Average precipitation in July is 960mm.
5 rivers flow through Mumbai. Many new developments are built on floodplains.
Mumbai experiences tropical storms = heavy rain and storm surges.
e.g. July 2005 monsoon rain cause Mithi River to burst its banks. Flood killed 400 people. Homelessness. Water contamination led to an increase in waterborne diseases e.g. cholera
Why is Mumbai vulnerable to tectonic hazards?
Located in a seismically active area, so it’s at risk of earthquakes (although they are quite rare)
Earthquakes can cause tsunamis - Mumbai is low-lying so a tsunami would cause extensive damage.
Where are the most vulnerable areas to natural disasters in Mumbai?
Slums! - poorly constructed homes, built on floodplains…70% of Mithi Rivers embankments are occupied by informal settlements.
How are Mumbai’s current conditions unsustainable? (5)
- Slums lack adequate sanitation = water pollution.
- Mumbai’s water supply is dependent on monsoon rains = dry years make water scarce, but population growth increases demand for water.
- Economic growth = factory construction and car ownership = 450 vehicles on Mumbai’s roads each day = air pollution = acid rain.
- Increasing population = more waste = open rubbish dumps and incineration = air pollution = health impacts e.g. 25% deaths in Chembur neighbourhood between 2008-10 cause by respiratory problems.
- HIV and AIDS rates are increasing = pressure on healthcare services. People with either face discrimination.
What efforts are being made to make Mumbai more sustainable? (5)
- 2004, government proposed a redevelopment project to clear Dharavi slums, build new apartments, a water and sewage system, hospitals and schools. Objected by residents as Dharavi is an established community with successful industries. Will destry livelihood and spirit of the people.
- Local authority has made rainwater harvesting systems on all new residential buildings to increase water security. Since 2007, only half of eligible buildings have them installed though.
- Upgraded transport system to improve air quality. 2011 World Bank provided $1billion to fund road upgrades, rebuilding train tracks and purchasing more fuel-efficient buses.
- Clean-up Mumbai campaign cleans street litter and educating local residents and shopkeepers on recycling and disposing waste well.
- The National AIDS Control Organisation runs condom promotion campaigns in Mumbai to reduce HIV rates. New government legislation passed in 2017 which made it illegal to discriminate over anyone with HIV/AIDS.
