9: Learning to read

Question 1

The pattern of speech sounds used in a particular language are called:

Answer 1

Phonology.

Question 2

The smallest unit of speech sounds, is called a:

Answer 2

phoneme.

Question 3

The representation of sounds of a language by written or printed symbols, is called:

Answer 3

orthography.

Question 4

The unit of print that corresponds to a phoneme (NOT the same as individual letter), is called a:

E.g. “ea”, “ie”.

Answer 4

Grapheme.

Question 5

The meaning of words and phrases in a particular context is called:

Answer 5

semantics.

Question 6

The way in which words re put together to form phrases, clauses or sentences, is called a:

Answer 6

syntax.

Question 7

What are the 4 stages of sight word reading?

Answer 7

1. Pre-reading.
2. Early reading.
3. Decoding.
4. Fluent reading.

Question 8

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, what are the 3 phrases?

Answer 8

1. Logographic.
2. Alphabetic.
3. Orthographic.

Question 9

According to Frith (1985), each phase is characterised by the dominant strategy in use at the time for:

Answer 9

lexical identification.

Question 10

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Logographic phase, words are recognised by their:

Answer 10

Salient visual and contextual features.

E.g. recognising the word “yellow” because it had two sticks in the middle.

Question 11

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Logographic phase, errors in reading are:

Answer 11

visually based.

Question 12

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Alphabetic phase, words are recognised by their:

Answer 12

Spelling sound rules.

E.g. “Cat” sounded out as c-a-t.

Question 13

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Alphabetic phase, words are based on the associations between:

Answer 13

Phonemes and graphemes.

Question 14

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Ortographic phase, words are recognised by:

Answer 14

their larger printed subunits, such as morphemes.

Question 15

According to Frith (1985) phase model of reading, during the Ortographic phase, the reader uses their knowledge about:

Answer 15

strings of letters that commonly go together.

E.g. “ight.”

Question 16

According to Muter et al. (2004), what precursor skills are associated by successful word reading?

Answer 16

1. Phonological processing.

2. Letter knowledge.

Question 17

Associating letters with speech sounds to identify a word is called:

Answer 17

decoding.

Question 18

To transfer words from their print form (orthography) to particular meanings (semantics), these words must be:

Answer 18

decoded.

Question 19

What 2 skills underlie good reading comprehension?

Answer 19

1. Vocabulary knowledge.

2. Grammatical awareness.

Question 20

What are the 2 limitations of decoding?

Answer 20

1. Decoding depends on a systematic relationship between orthography and phonemes.
2. There are many irregularities in the English language for ways to pronounce words.

Question 21

The regularity of the spelling-sound relationship within a language is called:

Answer 21

orthographic transparency.

Question 22

Children learning to read in _____ orthographies typically progress faster than those learning in _____ orthographies.

Answer 22

Children learning to read in shallow orthographies typically progress faster than those learning in deep orthographies.

Question 23

What is a strong predictor or reading progress?

Answer 23

Phonological processing skills.

Question 24

Children with dyslexia typically have poor:

Answer 24

phonological skills.

Question 25

What are the results on intervention studies into dyslexia?

Answer 25

Training phonological skills improves reading outcomes.

Question 26

Eye movements during reading are tightly linked to:

Answer 26

lexical identification.

Question 27

In eye movement studies, high frequency words are fixated on for less and skipped more than low frequency words. These are known as:

Answer 27

frequency effects.

Question 28

When reading, compared to adults, children:

Answer 28

1. Make more fixations.
2. Have longer fixations.
3. Make shorter saccades.
4. Make more regressions.
5. Have longer sentence reading times.

Question 29

Eye movement behaviour has been documented to change with age. This may be a consequence of (not cause) of:

Answer 29

reading ability,

Question 30

Eye movement behaviour has been documented to change with age. This may be a consequence of (not cause) of reading ability. Reflecting the readers:

Answer 30

easy of cognitive processing.

Question 31

During lexical identification in silent sentence reading tasks, adult readers access:

Answer 31

phonology.

Question 32

Recovering the abstract structural description of a word without transforming it into speech gestures is called:

Answer 32

recoding.

Question 33

When looking at visually similar words during phonological processing, people spend less time looking at _______ and ______ pair words, and considerably more time looking at spelling control words.

Answer 33

When looking at visually similar words during phonological processing, people spend less time looking at correct and homophone pair words, and considerably more time looking at spelling control words.

Question 34

When words are dissimilar, we spend more time looking at ______ pair and ______ control words than we do correct ones.

Answer 34

When words are dissimilar, we spend more time looking at homophone pair and spelling control words than we do correct ones.

Question 35

What are the two stages of silent reading?

Answer 35

1. Decoding

2. Recoding

Question 36

During silent reading, is decoding conscious or unconscious?

Answer 36

Conscious and effortful.

Question 37

During silent reading, is recoding conscious or unconsious?

Answer 37

Unconscious and rapid.

Question 38

The two main methods/tasks for observing how we progress in reading ability is:

Answer 38

1. Cognitive processing

2. Eye movement behaviour.