4: Emotional development and attachment Flashcards
1
Q
What are emotions?
A
Subjective reactions.
2
Q
What are emotions usually accompanied by?
A
Physiological arousal.
3
Q
Emotions are experienced as either ________ or _________.
A
Emotions are experienced as either pleasant or unpleasant.
4
Q
Emotions are communicated to others via:
A
behaviour.
5
Q
What are the 2 main functions of emotions?
A
- Form of social interaction.
2. Reflect mental and physical health.
6
Q
What are the 4 levels of analysis for emotional development?
Hint: RUDE
A
- Regulation
- Understanding
- Discrimination
- Emotional expression.
7
Q
Emotional development: levels of analysis.
What is regulation?
A
How children modulate their responses in accordance to expected standards.
8
Q
Emotional development: levels of analysis.
What is understanding?
A
Identifying the causal relations between emotions and behaviours, and what they communicate.
9
Q
Emotional development: levels of analysis.
What is discrimination?
A
Being able to discriminate between different emotions.
10
Q
Emotional development: levels of analysis.
What is emotional expression?
A
The different stages at which emotions emerge.
11
Q
What are the 2 types of emotions?
A
- Simple.
2. Complex.
12
Q
What are the 6 simple emotions?
Hint: DISSJF
A
- Disgust
- Interest
- Surprise
- Sadness
- Joy
- Fear
13
Q
What is the main quality of simple emotions?
A
Requires no introspection or self-reflection.
14
Q
What are the 5 complex emotions?
Hint: JPEGS
A
- Jealousy.
- Pride
- Embarrassment
- Guilt
- Shame
15
Q
What is the 2 main qualities of complex emotions?
A
- Are self conscious emotions.
2. Quire awareness of self and others.
16
Q
Are expressions of emotion innate?
A
Positive and negative feelings are conveyed reliably from birth.
17
Q
According to Lewis (2007) the tripartite division of emotion is comprised of:
1.
2.
3.
(Hint: DIP)
A
- Distress
- Interest
- Pleasure
18
Q
According to Bridges (1932) the ‘bipolar’ emotional life is comprised of _________ vs. __________.
(Hint: DP)
A
According to Bridges (1932) the ‘bipolar’ emotional life is comprised of distress vs. pleasure.
19
Q
With age, expression of emotion becomes increasingly:
A
differentiated.
20
Q
What are the 4 age groups observed in the emergence of emotional expression:
A
- Birth.
- 2-3 months.
- 7 months.
- 24 months.
21
Q
What 4 emotions are expressed at birth?
Hint: DDIN
A
- Distress
- Disgust
- Interest
- Neonatal smile
22
Q
At birth, what triggers the emotion of distress?
A
Pain
23
Q
At birth, what triggers the emotion of disgust?
A
Offensive substances.
24
Q
At birth, what triggers the emotion of interest?
A
Novelty or movement.
25
At birth, what triggers the neonatal smile?
Appears spontaneously for no known reason.
26
What 3 emotions appear at 2-3 months?
| Hint: JSS
1. Joy
2. Sadness
3. Social smile
27
At 2-3 months, what trigger the emotion of joy?
Familiar pleasant event.
28
At 2-3 months, what trigger the emotion of sadness?
Loss of desired object or person.
29
At 2-3 months, what trigger the social smile?
Familiar caregivers face.
30
What 4 emotions appear at 7 months?
| Hint: SAWF
1. Surprise
2. Anger
3. Wariness
4. Fear
31
At 7 months, what triggers the emotion of surprise?
Jack-in-the-box.
32
At 7 months, what triggers the emotion of anger?
Being restrained or prevented from dong something.
33
At 7 months, what triggers the emotion of wariness?
A strangers face.
34
At 7 months, what triggers the emotion of fear?
Extreme novelty, heights (visual cliff).
35
What emotions are observed at 24 months?
Complex emotions.
36
What triggers complex emotions at 24 months?
Advanced cognitive understanding of self, others, and expected standards.
37
Describe the procedure of Field et al. (1982) experiment on discrimination and imitation of emotion:
Used habituation and dishabituation technique to observe fixation times and facial expressions in 6 month old babies.
38
What is habituation?
The decrease in response to a repeatedly presented stimulus.
39
What is dishabituation?
The fast recovery of a response that has been previously habituated.
40
What is the habituation technique?
The presentation of a visual stimulus to an infant elicits looking behavior that habituates with repeated presentations of the stimulus.
41
What were the results of Field et al. (1982) experiment on discrimination and imitation of emotion?
Infants discriminated between facial expressions and even imitated them.
42
Using a caregiver's emotional expression to guide own actions is called:
social referencing.
43
What experiment can be used to demonstrate social referencing?
Source et al. (1985) Visual Cliff paradigm.
44
What happens when a mothers responses are no longer contingent with an infants expectations of timing and patterning?
The infant gets frustrated and upset.
45
What experiment illustrates that infants have expectations about emotional expressions?
Murray and Trevarthen (1985) Still Face experiment.
46
According to Bretherton et al. (1981) at what age do infants start to use emotion in their language?
18 months.
47
According to Bretherton and Beeghly (1982) at what age to infants use emotive words to explain and comment on theirs and other people's behaviour?
28 months.
48
At what age can children attribute emotions to others that are different to how they would feel in the same situation?
18 months.
49
What two experiments demonstrate infants ability to ascribe emotions in a non-egocentric way?
1. Denham (1986) puppet task.
| 2. Repacholi and Gopnik (1997) broccoli experiment.
50
What were the results of Denham (1986) puppet task?
2-3 yr olds successfully labelled emotions to puppet which were the opposite to how the child would feel in the same situation.
51
What were the result of Repacholi and Gopnik (1997) broccoli experiment?
18 month olds correctly infer others desires for particular food even if it doesn't not match their own.
52
What were the results of Harris (1983) study on mixed-emotion stories?
10 yr olds significantly better than 6 yr olds the feeling of experiencing mixed emotions.
53
What are equivocal situations?
Situations that could elicit a variety of emotions are are more subjective.
54
What are unequivocal situations?
Situations that elicit a vey typical response and are less subjective.
55
What were the results of Gnepp et al (1987) study on equivocal and unequivocal situations?
8 yr olds were able to differentiate between equivocal and unequivocal situations, whereas, 5 yr olds could not.
56
What is the main context in which emotional development occurs?
Family home.
57
What were the results of Judy Dunn's (1990's) research into emotion in the family?
The frequency at which families discussed emotions related to children's understanding of emotion.
58
What were the results of John Bowlby's studies of attachment in the 1930's-40's?
Poor mental health and behavioural outcomes in children reared in institutions.
59
What were the 3 most influential studies that first investigated mental health and behavioural outcomes of children raised in institutions?
1. Bowlby (1944) Forty-four juvenile thieves.
2. Spitz (1950's) Hospitalisation
3. Goldfarb, long-term effects of institutionalisation.
60
According to John Bowlby, attachment is a:
primary drive.
61
What was the results of Harlow and Zimmerman (1959) study on attachment?
Rhesus monkeys stayed with the cloth mother and only went to the wire monkey for feeding.
62
A reciprocal, enduring, affective relationship between a child and its caregiver, based on the child's need for protection, comfort and nurturance is called:
attachment.
63
At what age in infancy is attachment usually established?
6 months.
64
The regulation of and exploration behaviours, including proximity seeking, separation anxiety and feelings of being comforted and reassured by a caregivers presence is called:
behavioural organisation,
65
Early attachment relationship provide a template for later relationships and social adjustment, this is called an:
Internal Working Model
66
Behavioural organisation:
A secure infant will:
explore their environment.
67
Behavioural organisation:
An infant who feels distressed will:
engage in attachment behaviours to achieve proximity to its caregiver.
68
What are the 3 phases of Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969):
1. Non-focused orienting and signalling.
2. Focus on 1+ figures.
3. Secure base behaviour.
69
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), at what age does phase 1 of attachment, non-focused orienting and signalling, occur?
0-3 months.
70
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), at what age does phase 2 of attachment, focus on 1+ figures, occur?
3-6 months.
71
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), at what age does phase 3 of attachment, secure base behaviour, occur?
6 months+.
72
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), what occurs during phase 1?
Baby uses innate proximity seeking behaviours towards most people to lay down early roots of attachment.
73
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), what occurs during phase 2?
Aims proximity seeking behaviours towards primary caregiver.
74
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), what occurs during phase 3?
Forms a genuine attachment, seeing primary caregiver as secure base.
Shows signs of separation anxiety and stranger weariness.
75
According to Bowlby's theory of attachment (1969), at what age do we internalise our early attachment experiences to form 'internal working models' of relationships?
2 years old.
76
What experimental procedure can be used to assess attachment in 12-24 month olds?
Mary Ainsworth (1978) Strange Situation Procedure
77
What are the 3 main classifications of attachment in Mary Ainsworth's (1978) SSP?
(Hint: ABC)
1. (A) insecure avoidant.
2. (B) secure.
3. (C) insecure ambivalent/resistant.
78
What 4th type of attachment was added by Main and Solomon (1990)?
(Hint: D)
(D) disorganised attachment.
79
Today, what are the 4 recognised types of attachment?
| Hint: ABCD
1. (A) insecure avoidant.
2. (B) secure
3. (C) insecure ambivalent/resistant
4. (D) disorganised
80
Consider the following criteria:
Early mothering: responsive to child's needs.
Security/organisation: secure and organised.
Safe base for organisation: explores freely with caregiver present.
Reunion with caregiver: seeks out caregiver and is easily sooth by caregiver.
This child is:
Securely attached.
81
Consider the following criteria:
Early mothering: attentive, but not in touch with baby's cues or needs.
Security/organisation: insecure and organised.
Safe base for organisation: stays close to caregiver, doesn't explore freely.
Reunion with caregiver: both seeks and rejects contact with caregiver
This child is:
Anxious ambivalent/resistant.
82
Consider the following criteria:
Early mothering: emotionally unavailable, dislikes neediness.
Security/organisation: insecure and organised.
Safe base for organisation: explores regardless of caregivers presence.
Reunion with caregiver: does not seek out caregiver
This child is:
Anxious avoidant.
83
Consider the following criteria:
Early mothering: intrusive, maltreatment, emotional unavailability, confusing and frightening.
Security/organisation: insecure and disorganised.
Safe base for organisation: may "freeze", explores in a disorganised fashion.
Reunion with caregiver: go to caregiver whilst looking away, showed a dazed expression or fear.
This child is:
Disorganised/disoriented.
84
What 2 factors predict secure attachment?
1. Parental factors.
| 2. Child factors.
85
What parental factor predicts secure attachment?
Prompt, consistent and appropriate responding.
86
What 2 factors in children predict secure attachment?
1. Temperament.
| 2. Genetic differences.
87
What gene is theorised to influence genetic differences exhibited by infants in attachment?
DRD4
88
According to Bowlby (1988), our IWM guide our actions with attachment figures based on our:
1.
2.
3.
1. Previous interactions.
2. Expectations.
3. Affective (emotional) experiences.
89
What type of attachment does this Internal Working Model represent?
I can trust and rely on others.
I a lovable, capable, significant and worthwhile.
My world is safe.
Secure attachment.
90
What type of attachment does this Internal Working Model represent?
Others are unpredictable, sometimes loving and protective, sometimes hostile and rejecting.
I don't know what to expect, I am anxious and angry.
I cannot explore as I may miss out on an opportunity for love and affection.
If I can read others and get them to respond, I will get my needs met.
Anxious ambivalent/resistant.
91
What type of attachment does this Internal Working Model represent?
My caregiver at times seems overwhelmed by me, and at other times, seems very angry with me.
Others are abusive, neglectfully, physically, emotionally or sexually.
I am unable to get my needs met, I don't know how to protect myself.
Disorganised/disoriented.
92
What type of attachment does this Internal Working Model represent?
Other people are unavailable and rejecting.
I have to protect myself.
If I deny my needs, I will not be rejected.
If I do what is expected of me, I will not be rejected
If I take care of others and deny my own needs, I will be loved.
Anxious avoidant.
93
In adolescence and adulthood, we are still attached to our parents, but _______ proximity is more important that ______ proximity.
In adolescence and adulthood, we are still attached to our parents, but mental proximity is more important that physical proximity.
94
What is used to assess the quality of adult parental attachment?
(Hint: AAI)
Adult Attachment Interview
95
What are the 4 types of adult parental attachment?
| Hint: APUD
1. Autonomous
2. Preoccupied
3. Unresolved
4. Dismissing
96
Describe the 4 types of adult parental attachment.
Autonomous:
Secure, describes childhood and parents objectively.
97
Describe the 4 types of adult parental attachment.
Preoccupied:
Anxious, confused and ambivalent toward parents, angry/trying to please.
98
Describe the 4 types of adult parental attachment.
Unresolved:
Unable to resolve feelings related to death of loved one, abuse, or neglect they may have suffered.
99
Describe the 4 types of adult parental attachment.
Dismissing:
Avoidant, minimises important of family, idealises parents, emphasises own strengths.
100
What are the 4 long-term effects of secure attachment in children?
1. More regulated, sociable and socially competent with peers.
2. Less anxious or withdrawn.
3. Better understanding of others emotions.
4. More prosocial and empathic.
101
The relationship between secure attachment are positive long-term effects on wellbeing indicate:
1.
2.
1. Our enduring IWM is a core mechanism for stability.
| 2. Our IWM is a reflection of the quality and characteristics of the parent-child relationships.
102
Caregivers responses to infants emotional cues shape children strategies for:
1.
2.
1. Coping.
| 2. Regulation.
103
Caregivers responses to infants emotional cues predict:
attachment security.
104
Being sensitive and tuned in to all the infants emotions, and being accepting and sharing in their affective content, is called:
Affect attunement.
105
Mismatches between maternal and infant affect at __ months old, predict insecure attachment at __ months old.
Mismatches between maternal and infant affect at 4 months old, predict insecure attachment at 18 months old.
106
The two behavioural systems in attachment are:
1. Exploration.
| 2. Proximity seeking.
107
Early emotional experiences with caregivers for the basis for:
attachment relationship.
108
Attachment relationships serve as a template for:
future close relationships.
