9. Knowledge Flashcards
What are the features of an episodic memory? (ccc knowledge)
- Organised temporally
- Consciously recalled
- Susceptible to forgetting
- Context dependent
What is an example of episodic memory? (ccc knowledge)
What you ate for dinner yesterday
What are the features of a semantic memory? (ccc knowledge)
- Not organised temporally
- Relatively permanent
- Context independent
What is an example of semantic memory? (ccc knowledge)
Wood comes from trees
What does knowledge inform aspects of? (ccc knowledge)
Language
What are the features comparison model? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Concepts are stored as lists of defining features
What is the typicality effect and what model does it support? (ccc knowledge)
Where subjects are faster at recalling objects with defining features
In support of the feature comparison model
What are the features of prototype model? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Defining characteristics of a word
What do categories have in the prototype model? (ccc knowledge)
A graded structure
In what 3 ways do prototype models differ from non-prototype models? (ccc knowledge)
- examples of categories tend to be most prototypical
- semantic priming
- prototypes share most features with other category members
What is semantic priming? (ccc knowledge)
We are faster to decide and object is that when we are unconsciously presented with associated stimuli
What are the three levels objects are categorised at? (ccc knowledge)
1) Super ordinate
2) Basic
3) Subordinate
What are the features of exemplar models? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Easy to find specific memories in common objects, than non-common objects
What are the 7 models of semantic memory? (ccc knowledge)
Feature and comparison Prototype Exemplar Network - hierarchal nets Network - semantic nets Network - ACTR Network - parallel distributing process
What two models can co-exist? (ccc knowledge)
Exemplar and prototype
What are the features of network model - hierarchical nets? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Concepts presented by nodes
- Nodes connected by links
- Semantic relatedness shown by distance between links
What are the features of network model - semantic nets? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Distance represented by line length
- Shown through the DRM paradigm
What is the DRM paradigm? (ccc knowledge)
False memories created when words prime others
What are the features of network model - ACTR? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Memory consists of propositions
- Links between words strengthen the more they are used
- The fan effect
What does ACTR stand for? (ccc knowledge)
Adaptive control of thought rationale
What is the fan effect? (ccc knowledge)
Time to make true/false decisions increase with the number of items of information associated with the locations and the person (more connections, the harder to remember)
What are the features of network model - parallel distributed processing? (ccc knowledge)
- Structure of semantic memory
- Links between items hold different weights
- Allows for spontaneous generalisation and graceful degradation
What is spontaneous generalisation? (ccc knowledge)
An instant process e.g if you are bitten by a dog, you believe that any dog will bite you, it is not contained to the one specific dog
What is graceful degradation? (ccc knowledge)
This happens over a long period of time where a bias is formed toward or away from something
What are schemas? (ccc knowledge)
Generic information about situations/general rules that are typically accurate
What are scripts? (ccc knowledge)
Structured, ordered sequences of events, which can be a prototype or an abstraction
