10. Reasoning

Question 1

What 4 areas is reach typically divided into? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 1

• Judgement
• Decision making
• Problem solving
• Reasoning

Question 2

Judgement, decision making, problem solving and reasoning all use which part of the brain? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 2

frontal cortex

Question 3

What is judgement responsible for? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 3

Calculating the likelihood of a certain event

Question 4

What 3 heuristics did Kahneman and Tversky come up with for judgement? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 4

• Availability heuristic
• Representativeness heuristic
• Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Question 5

What is the availability heuristic in terms of judgement? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 5

We estimate the probability of something depending on the ease of / how many examples we can think of

Question 6

What is the representativeness heuristic in terms of judgement? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 6

When events that are representative of a class are assigned a high probability of occurrence

Question 7

What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic in terms of judgement? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 7

Providing an estimate and moving away form that in the correct direction and settling, but we do not move enough

Question 8

What is decision making responsible for? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 8

selecting one out of a number of potential options

Question 9

What does the utility theory state in terms of decision making? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 9

We should chose the option that has the most value to us

Question 10

What is the framing effect explained by, in terms of decision making? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 10

Prospective theory

Question 11

What is prospective theory? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 11

Making a decision on gains, humans are loss adverse

Question 12

What is the semantic marker hypothesis in terms of decision making? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 12

• Conscious deliberation is supplemented by ‘gut instinct’

- Based on past experiences

Question 13

What is problem solving responsible for? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 13

Takes us from a problem to a solution

Question 14

What three aspects are associated with problem solving? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 14

• Goal directed
• No immediate solution present
• Involves conscious cognitive processes

Question 15

What early approaches are associated with problem solving? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 15

• Behaviourism
• Insight
• Functional fixedness

Question 16

What is reasoning responsible for? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 16

Determining what conclusions can b=e drawn given various statements that are assumed to be true

Question 17

What is deductive reasoning? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 17

When a conclusion is certain if premises are true

Question 18

What is inductive reasoning? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 18

When conclusions are likely to be valid, but require further evidence

Question 19

What are the two valid inferences for classical reasoning? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 19

• Modus ponesns (mode by assertion)

- Modus tollens (mode by denial)

Question 20

What are the two invalid inferences for classical reasoning? (ccc reasoning)

Answer 20

• Affirming the consequent

- Denying the antecedent