9: Integrated Functions (CNS)

Question 1

Automatic patterned response to a stimulus

Answer 1

Reflex

Question 2

Classification of reflexes (4)

Answer 2

1. Spinal or cranial
2. Somatic or autonomic
3. Innate (inborn) or conditioned (learned)
4. Monosynaptic or polysynaptic

Question 3

The type of reflex that is involve in signals sent via SOMATIC NEURONS to SKELETAL MUSCLES

Answer 3

Somatic reflexes

Question 4

The type of reflex that is involve in signals sent via AUTONOMIC NEURONS to SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLES OR GLANDS

Answer 4

Autonomic reflex (visceral reflex)

Question 5

The type of reflex that consists of only two neurons and a single synapse

Answer 5

Monosynaptic reflex

Question 6

The type of reflex that consists of more than two neurons and multiple synapses

Answer 6

Polysynaptic reflex

Question 7

Neuronal pathways for reflexes

Answer 7

Reflex arcs

Question 8

Five components of a reflex arc

Answer 8

1. Sensory receptor
2. Afferent neuron
3. Integration center
4. Efferent neurons
5. Effector organ

Question 9

Muscle spindle stretch reflex

Answer 9

Stretch reflex

Question 10

Where is interneuron found?

Answer 10

only in CNS

Question 11

Only neurons that could control skeletal muscles

Answer 11

motor neurons

Question 12

Neurons that take command from the brain and carry the message to the skeletal muscles

Answer 12

Efferent neurons

Question 13

Two descending pathways

Answer 13

1. Pyramidal tract neurons

2. Extrapyramidal tract neurons

Question 14

Axons of neurons in the pyramidal tracts terminate in the ventral horn of spinal cord

Answer 14

Upper motor neurons

Question 15

• Type of a motor neuron tract that controls voluntary movement of the distal extremities.
• Originates in primary motor cortex

Answer 15

Pyramidal tract

Question 16

Contralateral side in an area of medulla

Answer 16

medullary pyramids

Question 17

• Type of motor neuron tract that oncludes all motor pathways outside pyramidal tracts

Answer 17

Extrapyramidal tract

Question 18

• Type of motor neuron tract that is responsible for posture and balance

Answer 18

Extrapyramidal tract

Question 19

The simultaneous transmission of the same general type of information along separate neural pathways

Answer 19

Parallel processing

Question 20

Three nuclei in the brainstem

Answer 20

1. Reticular formation
2. Vestibular nuclei
3. Red nuclei

Question 21

The part of the brain that exerts involuntary control over posture

Answer 21

Brainstem

Question 22

The part of the brain that formulates the plan of action and commands the muscles to execute them

Answer 22

Cortex

Question 23

• Part of the brain that compares the actual movements as they are occurring with the plans, making corrections in the force and direction of movement whenever detects discrepancy
• also acts as the “guidance system”

Answer 23

Cerebellum

Question 24

Part of the brain that receives information about the status of a movement from sensory areas of the cortex, basal nuclei, brainstem and spinal cord. It then transmits information to the cortex via the thalamus enabling the cortex to alter its output to modify movement.

Answer 24

Cerebellum

Question 25

Disease caused by impaired/damaged basal nuclei

Answer 25

Parkinson’s Disease

Question 26

Part of the motor control that provides feedback to the cortex for the development of motor strategies and smoothing out of movements

Answer 26

Basal nuclei

Question 27

Part of the motor control that receive input from the cortex –> send output back to the cortex via the thalamus

Answer 27

Basal nuclei

Question 28

A cyclically occurring state of decreased motor activity and perception.

Answer 28

Sleep

Question 29

• (Sleep) characterized by multiple stages of low frequency waves in the EEG
• Brain activity decreases, but parasympathetic nervous system increases

Answer 29

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

Question 30

• (Sleep) Characterized by high-frequency waves in the EEG

- Brain activity increases during this

Answer 30

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Question 31

States of depressed activity in the central nervous system

Answer 31

Anesthesia and coma

Question 32

• A diffused network of nuclei which is critical in maintaining alert wakefulness.
• Information to the cortex –> thalamus, hypothalamus and forebrain, which awakens the cortex

Answer 32

Ascending Reticular Activating System of the Brainstem (ARAS)

Question 33

3 Neurotransmitters associated with awake state

Answer 33

1. Acetylcholine
2. Norepinephrine
3. Dopamine

Question 34

4 Parts of the brain involved in the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) of the brainstem

Answer 34

1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Reticular formation
4. Medulla

Question 35

Integrate thoughts, memory and sensory information and communicate to the limbic system

Answer 35

Cortical association areas

Question 36

The system that “creates” the emotion. This system communicates the emotion to the hypothalamus for a response.

Answer 36

The Limbic System

Question 37

Part of the limbic system that is responsible for bodily responses coupled with the emotion such as hormonal changes motor responses and autonomic responses.

Answer 37

Hypothalamus

Question 38

5 CNS Structures involved in emotions

Answer 38

1. Amygdala
2. Hypothalamus
3. Midbrain
4. Limbic System
5. Cerebral cortex

Question 39

A structure in the limbic system that is responsible for fear and anxiety.

Answer 39

Amygdala

Question 40

A structure in the limbic system that is involved in anger and aggression.

Answer 40

Hypothalamus

Question 41

The impulse that drives our actions

Answer 41

Motivation

Question 42

Motivation can be these 2 things:

Answer 42

1. Physiological

2. Emotional

Question 43

• A strong motivating emotion.
• contains dopamine
• can be addictive

Answer 43

Pleasure

Question 44

Neurotransmitters that motor neurons release

Answer 44

Acetylcholine