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Animal Science 310 (Animal Physiology) > 8: Central Nervous System > Flashcards

8: Central Nervous System Flashcards

The Nervous System: Central Nervous System

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1
Q

General anatomy of the central nervous system

A
  1. Consist of brain and spinal cord
  2. soft tissue = vulnerable to damage by physical traumas
  3. protected by glial cells, bone, connective tissue and CSF
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2
Q

General anatomy of the central nervous system (2)

A
  1. Glial cells
  2. Physical support of the CNS
  3. Blood supply to the CNS
  4. The blood-brain barrier
  5. Gray matter and white matter
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3
Q
  • 90% of CNS
  • release growth factors involved in the development of nervous system
  • communicate with neurons
A

Glial cells

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4
Q

Five types of glial cells

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendrocytes
  5. Schwann cells
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5
Q

Type of glial cells that has numerous functions

A

Astrocytes

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6
Q

Type of glial cells that line cavities

A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Type of glial cells that are phagocytes

A

Microglia

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8
Q

Type of glial cells that form myelin

A

Oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Type of glial cells that is located in the PNS and responsible in forming myelin

A

Schwann cells

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10
Q

Type of glial cells that is involved in:

  • development of neural connections and blood-brain barrier
  • modulate synaptic activity (wrapped around synapses)
  • remove neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft (glutamate and biogenic amine)
  • communicate to neurons through chemical messengers
  • maintain normal electrolyte composition of ISF in CNS
  • protect neurons against toxic substances
A

Astrocytes

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11
Q
  • protect CNS from foreign matter and oxidative stress
  • phagocytosis and release of cytokines
  • involved in immune response
A

Microglia

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12
Q

(3) Physical support of the CNS

A
  1. Bone
  2. Meninges
  3. Cerebrospinal fluid
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13
Q
  • The outermost structure that protect the soft tissues of CNS (i.e cranium or skull)
  • Vertebral column that surrounds the spinal cord
A

Bone

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14
Q
  • Connective tissue membranes that separate the soft tissue (brain) from the surrounding bones
  • 3 layers (dura, arachnoid and pia mater)
A

Meninges

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15
Q

(Meninges) outermost layer, very tough, fibrous tissue

A

Dura mater

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16
Q

(Meninges) web-like structure, no space between this and dura mater

A

Arachnoid mater

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17
Q

(Meninges) the innermost layer, immediately adjacent to the nervous tissue called subarachnoid space

A

Pia mater

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18
Q

Serves as the cushion for the brain

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

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19
Q

The brain contains how many cavities

A

4 cavities (=ventricles filled with CSF)

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20
Q

ventricles connected to a midline third ventricle by interventricular foramen

A

2 C-shaped lateral ventricles

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21
Q

This connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle which is continuous with the central canal

A

Cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

The lining of the ventricles and central canal is composed of this type of glial cells

A

Ependymal cells

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23
Q

The lining of the ventricles is vascularized (very small vessels) and forms a tissue called

A

choroid plexus

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24
Q
  • Extracellular fluid of the CNS
  • recycled 3 times/day
  • secreted by ependymal cells of the choroid plexus
  • circulates to subarachnoid space and ventricles
  • reabsorbed by arachnoid villi
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

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25
Q

What’s causing the limited exchange between CSF and blood?

A

The blood-brain barrier

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26
Q

4 Functions of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  1. Cushions brain (absorbs shock)
  2. Maintains stable interstitial fluid environment
  3. Exchange of material and fluids between cells (low K+, high Na+ outside the cells, few proteins)
  4. Limited exchange between CSF and blood due to blood-brain barrier
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27
Q

CNS comprises how many % of body weight?

A

2%

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28
Q

CNS receives how many % of blood that the heart pumps?

A

15%

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29
Q

Brain uses __% of O2 consumed by body at rest.

A

20%

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30
Q

Brain uses __% of glucose consumed by body at rest.

A

50%

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31
Q

True or False. Cells in the CNS have very high glycogen.

A

False. CNS have very little glycogen.

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32
Q

A highly selective network of specialized capillaries that prevent many substances from entering the brain from the blood

A

Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)

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33
Q

What is the BBB and its function?

A

A highly selective network of specialized capillaries that prevent many substances from entering the brain from the blood

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34
Q

Site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

Capillaries

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35
Q

Layers of capillaries surrounded by these two

A
  1. Astrocytes

2. Ependymal cells

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36
Q

Protect the brain from blood borne pathogens, toxins and certain hormones

A

Ependymal cells

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37
Q

Name 5 materials that CAN cross the BBB

A
  1. Lipid soluble
  2. O2
  3. CO2
  4. Alcohol
  5. Water
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38
Q

Name 4 materials that can only cross the BBB with a transporter

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Amino acids (facilitated diffusion)
  3. Choline
  4. Aspirin
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39
Q

Name 3 materials that CANNOT cross BBb

A
  1. Catecolamines
  2. Inorganic ions (H+)
  3. Antibiotics
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40
Q

Which matter contains cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminal?

A

Gray matter

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41
Q

Which matter contains myelinated axons also called fibers?

A

White matter

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42
Q

T or F. White matter > Gray matter?

A

Yes.
White matter - approx. 60%
Gray matter -approx. 40%

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43
Q

External surface of the brain gray matter

A

Cerebral cortex

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44
Q

White matter is located _____________

A

beneath cerebral cortex

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45
Q

Embedded within the layer beneath the cerebral cortex are smaller areas of gray matter.

A

Nuclei or Subcortical nuclei

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46
Q

Axon (fibers) are organized in bundles called _________.

A

Tracts

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47
Q

Bundles of axons that connect one region of gray matter with another

A

Tracts

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48
Q

The 3 White Matter Fibers

A
  1. Projection fibers
  2. Association fibers
  3. Commissural fibers
49
Q

The white fiber that connect cerebral cortex with lower levels of the brain or spinal cord (i.e Corticospinal tract)

A

Projection Fibers

50
Q

The white fibers that connect one area of the cerebral cortex to another area of the cortex on the same side of the brain

A

Association fibers

51
Q

The white fibers that connect cortical regions on one side of the brain with corresponding cortical region on the other side (i.e Corpus callosum)

A

Commissural fibers

52
Q

A cylinder of nervous tissue that is continuous with the lower end of the brain

A

Spinal cord

53
Q

What is the spinal cord surrounded of?

A

Vertebral column

54
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31

55
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves?

A
  1. C1 to C8.
56
Q

How many pairs of Thoracic nerves?

A
  1. T1 to T12.
57
Q

How many pairs of Lumbar nerves?

A
  1. L1 to L5.
58
Q

How many pairs of Sacral nerves?

A
  1. S1 to S5.
59
Q

How many pairs of Coccygeal nerve/s?

A
  1. C0.
60
Q

The bottom third of the column contains individual nerves but no spinal cord proper?

A

Cauda equina

61
Q

This is the pathway between the body and the brain

A

Spinal cord

62
Q
  • Pathway between the body and the brain
  • Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts of the CNS relaying information to and from the brain
  • Initiates basic reflexes
A

Spinal cord

63
Q

3 Functions of the Spinal Cord

A
  1. Pathway between the body and the brain
  2. Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts of the CNS relaying information to and from the brain
  3. Initiates basic reflexes
64
Q

Fills a butterfly-shaped region in the interior of the cord

A

Gray matter of the spinal cord

65
Q

A cross-section area of the spinal cord contains many functional area including both _______ and ________ axons.

A

Afferent (ascending) and efferent (descending)

66
Q

Horns of the gray matter in the spinal cord

A
  1. Dorsal horn (back)
  2. Ventral horn (front)
  3. Lateral horn
67
Q

White matter tracts that transmit sensory information from the periphery to the brain

A

Ascending tracts (dorsal columns)

68
Q

White matter tracts that transmit motor commands to efferent neurons on both sides of the spinal cord.

A

Descending tracts (Pyramidal columns)

69
Q

Function of ascending tracts

A

Transmit sensoryinformation from spinal cord to brain

70
Q

Transmits the information to the brain

A

Interneuron

71
Q

NEURONS that transmit information from the brain to spinal cord

A

Efferent neurons

72
Q

The horn that controls the skeletal muscles once it receives the signal from the brain

A

ventral horn

73
Q

When a pathway remains on the same side as its origin, it is called ________.

A

Ipsilateral

74
Q

When a pathway crosses to the side opposite its origin, it is called _________.

A

Contralateral

75
Q

3 Subdivisions of the brain (functional division)

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Brainstem
76
Q

The forebrain contains these two parts:

A
  1. Cerebrum

2. Diencephalon

77
Q

The brainstem contains these three parts:

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
78
Q

This is also called the “small brain” located behind the brain close to midbrain

A

Cerebellum

79
Q

Contains the Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

80
Q

Part of the forebrain that includes the cerebral cortex and basal nuclei

A

Cerebrum

81
Q

Part of the brain also known as “the gatekeeper”

A

Thalamus

82
Q

Part of the brainstem that connects with spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

83
Q

The largest C-shaped, containing both gray and white matter

A

Cerebrum

84
Q

The outermost region of the cerebrum comprising a thin, highly convoluted layer of gray matter

A

Cerebral cortex

85
Q

4 Lobes of the Brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
86
Q

The RIDGES between two clefts on the cerebral surface

A

Gyri

87
Q

The GROOVES on the surface of the brain

A

Sulci

88
Q

Function of the gyrus and sulcus

A

Help increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex

89
Q

Sulcus that divides the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex

A

Central sulcus

90
Q

Give 6 functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  1. Perceive
  2. Formulate ideas
  3. Experience emotions
  4. Recall past events
  5. Command our bodies to move
  6. Acts as an integrating centre
91
Q

Regions next to or near the primary cortical areas that integrate multiple sensory stimuli, motor stimuli/memory and emotional stimuli. Also requires input from primary cortical areas for integration

A

Cortical Association Areas

92
Q

Side of the brain that is responsible for logic and analytical processing, strong language capabilities and math skills

A

Left brain

93
Q

Side of the brain that is responsible for spatial orientation, creativity, face recognition, music, dream imagery, philosophy and intuition

A

Right brain

94
Q

Among the more prominent subcortical nuclei are ________.

A

Basal ganglia

95
Q

4 Structures of the Basal Nuclei

A
  1. Globus pallidus
  2. Caudate nucleus
  3. Putamen
  4. Claustrum
96
Q

4 Functions of the Basal Nuclei

A
  1. Modify movement
  2. Inhibit unwanted movements
  3. Selecting purposeful movements
  4. Postural support
97
Q

Also called the little brain

A

Cerebellum

98
Q

2 Functions of the Cerebellum

A
  1. Motor coordination and balance

2. Coordination of eye/body movements

99
Q

Part of the diencephalon that filters, processes, and integrates sensory and motor info

A

Thalamus

100
Q

Part of the diencephalon that produces many hormones. Also involved in food intake, water balance and thirst center. thermoregulation and links nervous and endocrine system.

A

Hypothalamus

101
Q

A diverse collection of closely associated structures that affects motivations, basic emotions, social and sexual behaviours patterns and basic survival behaviours.

A

The Limbic system

102
Q

6 Structures of the Limbic System

A
  1. Amygdala
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Fornix
  4. Cingulate gyrus
  5. Mammillary bodies
  6. Pre-frontal cortex
103
Q

Part of the limbic system that regulates reward and fear

A

Amygdala

104
Q

Part of the limbic system that’s involved in long-term memory

A

Hippocampus

105
Q

Part of the limbic system that carries signals from hippocampus to mammillary bodies

A

Fornix

106
Q

Part of the limbic system that regulates heart rate, blood pressure and cognitive processing

A

Cingulate gyrus

107
Q

Part of the limbic system that is important for formation of memory

A

Mammillary bodies

108
Q

Part of the limbic system that is involved in decision-making and consciousness

A

Pre-frontal cortex

109
Q

3 Functions of the Limbic System

A
  1. Learning
  2. Emotions
  3. Behavior
110
Q

This connects forebrain and cerebellum to spinal cord, involved in reticular formation and is the processing center for 10/12 cranial nerves

A

Brainstem

111
Q

Superior portion of the brainstem that contains the superior and inferior colliculi

A

Midbrain

112
Q

Involved in VISUAL REFLEXES

A

Superior colliculus

113
Q

Involved in AUDITORY REFLEXES

A

Inferior colliculus

114
Q

The bulging region between midbrain and medulla

A

Pons

115
Q

This center works with medulla to maintain rhythmic breathing

A

Pneumotaxis respiratory centre

116
Q

Base of the brainstem that connects with spinal cord. Also sends information to cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

Medulla oblongata

117
Q

The medulla oblongata contains this nuclei.

A

Autonomic nuclei

118
Q

The center that adjusts the heart rate and blood pressure

A

Cardiovascular center

119
Q

The center that control rates and depth of breathing, work with pons for rhythm.

A

Respiratory center

Animal Science 310 (Animal Physiology) (3 decks)

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