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Anatomy - Head and Neck > 9 - Head and Neck Development > Flashcards

9 - Head and Neck Development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two organizing centers in the head during development?

A

The rhombencephalic and prosencephalic organizing center.

These are important signaling centers for forming structures of the brain AND structures that form the face.

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2
Q

What does the prosencephalon send signals to form? What about the rhombencephalon?

A

PRos: upper third of face, mouth, and inner ear.

Rhom: lower 2/3 of the face and external part of the ear.

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3
Q

What are the olfactory placodes? Where are they located?

A

Thickening of the ectoderm.

Associated with the telecephalon, the foremost part of the brain.

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4
Q

What forms the frontonasal prominence?

A

Condensed mesenchyme which is cranial to the forebrain.

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5
Q

What are the pharyngeal arches? Which arch has subdivisions? What are pharyngeal grooves?

A

5 pairs of mesenchyme condensations, usually 3 of which are visible externally. Only the first arch has subdivisions.

Pharyngeal grooves are between the arches.

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6
Q

What are the pharyngeal pouches? What is located between these and the opposed structures?

A

Laterally extensions that oppose the pharyngeal grooves.

Interface between pouch and grooves is the pharyngeal membrane.

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7
Q

What are the two components of the 1st pharyngeal arches?

A

The maxillary prominence and the mandibular prominence.

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8
Q

How does the oral cavity develop? Where is it located?

A

It’s located ventral to the oropharyngeal membrane; lips and mouth grow out as a consequence of the growing of the 1st arch and frontal process.

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9
Q

What are the two regions that that pharyngeal arch mesenchyme is derived from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm becomes the head mesoderm and occipital somites.

Neural crest cells - majority of mesenchyme is derived from ectoderm from these cells.

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10
Q

What does the core of condensed mesenchyme become in the pharyngeal arches
? What about the loose mesenchyme?

A

Core of condensed mesenchyme becomes cartilage.

Loose mesenchyme becomes connective tissue.

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11
Q

From the pharyngeal arches, what becomes skeletal muscle? What is the vascular portion and what is the nervous component that they make up?

A

The head mesoderm.

Vascular component becomes the pharyngeal arch artery (aortic arch).

Nervous component because a cranial nerve.

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12
Q

What does the first pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

The maleus and incus, the ligament to the maleus, the sphenomandibular ligament (attaches to the lingula of the mandible and the sphenoid bone), and meckels cartilage (associated with the formation of the mandible).

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13
Q

What does the second pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

Stapes, styloid process, the ligament from the styloid process to the small horn of the hyoid, and the top half of the hyoid bone.

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14
Q

What do the third and fourth pharyngeal arch develop into?

A

3d: the lower part of the hyoid bone
4th: the laryngeal cartilages

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15
Q

The bones of the face form directly from _____ ______?

A

Loose mesenchyme, they do NOT have a cartilage intermediate.

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16
Q

What muscles are formed from the head mesoderm of each pharyngeal arch?

A

1: muscles of mastication
2. muscles of facial expression
3. stylopharyngess
4. muscles of the larynx

17
Q

What cranial nerves are derived from the mesenchyme of each arch? (1, 2, 3, 4, and 6)

A

1: V (V3 - mandibular and V2 - maxillary)
2: VII
3: IX
4: X - superior laryngeal
6: X inferior (recurrent) laryngeal

18
Q

What is the fate of the pharyngeal grooves?

A

The first groove remains as part of the auditory meatus.

The remaining grooves disappear.

19
Q

What is the cervical sinus and how does it form?

A

The second pharyngeal arch travels downward and merges with the area around the heart to form a small sinus that disappears later in development.

20
Q

If someone presents with a small hole on the side of their face or neck and there’s fluid coming out or if a young adult presents with a lump on the side of their neck, what are you suspecting that these findings are remnants of?

A

The fate of the pharyngeal grooves.

21
Q

What can result from persistence of pharyngeal groove structures? What do these have in common that indicate they are related to the pharyngeal grooves?

A

Cleft duplication, persistent cervical sinus, cervical fistula, cervical cyst.

They will ALWAYS open laterally and will be ventral to the SCM muscle.

22
Q

_______ determine the positioning of the cranial nerves. What are these derived from?

A

Rhombomeres, derived from the neural crest.

23
Q

What genes influence cranial-caudal patterning? What cells carry out the axial pattern laterally into the arches?

A

Hox genes with combinatorial, nested expression.

NC cells.

24
Q

What type of cells carry patterns into the arches? What type of cells read that pattern?

A

Cells determines to become fibrous connective tissue carry the pattern.

Cells determined to become myoblasts and vascular endothelial cells read the pattern.

25
Q

Pharyngeal arches are separated by ______ externally and _____ internally.

A

grooves externally and pouches internally.

26
Q

Where is pharyngeal arch mesenchyme from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells.

27
Q

What are derivatives of the pharyngeal endoderm?

A

Parenchyma of the thyroid, thymus, and parathyroid gland.

Lining of the middle ear, epithelia of the palatine tonsil, and epithelium of the pharynx.

28
Q

The majority of salivary glands are derived from _____ ______, but some of the minor salivary glands are also derived from pharyngeal endoderm.

A

Oral ectoderm.

29
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

The business part of the solid organ.

30
Q

What is the fate of the 1st pharyngeal pouch?

A

Forms a tube that makes the epithelial lining of the middle ear and the innermost part of the tympanic membrane.

31
Q

What is the fate of the 2nd pharyngeal pouch?

A

Forms the mucosal covering which becomes infiltrated with lymphocytes to become the palatine tonsil.

32
Q

What do the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches?

A

3rd: The inferior parathyroids and parenchyma of the thymus.
4th: the superior parathyroids and the c-cells within the thyroid.

33
Q

What is the thyroid gland derived from? What is it transiently connected to?

A

From a midline diverticulum between arches 1 and 2.

Transiently connected to the pharynx by the thyroglossal duct.

34
Q

What is velo-cardio-facial syndrome (DiGeorge Anomaly)? What are symptoms?

A

Deletion of chromosome 22q11.2

Minor craniofacial defects, total or partial agenesis of 3rd and 4th pouches, CV anomalies, neural crest deficiency but not a primary NC defect.

Insufficient growth of mandible and low set ears. Absence of a thymus and parathyroid glands.

Anatomy - Head and Neck (13 decks)

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