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Neuro > #9. functional organization of the cerebral cortex > Flashcards

#9. functional organization of the cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What do the sensory areas do?

A

-receive sensory information and are involved in perception

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2
Q

Define perception

A

the conscious awareness of a sensation

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3
Q

What do the motor areas do?

A

control the execution of voluntary movement

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4
Q

What do the association areas do?

A

deal with more complex integrative functions.

ie. memory, emotions, reasoning, judgement…

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5
Q

What does the primary sensory area do?

A
  • receives sensory information from peripheral sensory receptors
    ie. photo receptors in eyes pick up light and send it to the visual area of the brain
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6
Q

Where are the sensory association areas?

A

usually adjacent to the primary sensory areas

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7
Q

Wha do the sensory association areas do?

A
  • receive input from the primary sensory areas and other brain areas
  • integrate sensory experiences to generate meaningful patterns of recognition and awareness
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8
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory area?

A
  • in the post central gyrus

- parietal lobe

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9
Q

What does the primary somatosensory area do?

A
  • receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain, proprioception
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10
Q

What and where is the sensory homunculus?

A
  • it is a map of the entire body
  • it is in the primary somatosensory area
  • each point in the area receives impulses from a specific part of the body
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11
Q

The size of the areas on the sensory homunculus depends on what?

A

it depends on the number of receptors in that area of the body.

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12
Q

What are the Brodmann’s numbers for the primary somatosensory area?

A

1, 2, 3

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13
Q

What does the primary visual area do?

A

receives visual information and involved in visual perception

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14
Q

What is the Brodmann’s number for the primary visual area?

A

17

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15
Q

What does the primary auditory area do?

A

receives auditory information and involved in auditory perception

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16
Q

What is the Brodmann’s number for the primary auditory area?

A

41, 42

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17
Q

What does the primary gustatory area do?

A

receives impulses for taste and is involved in gustatory perceptiona nd taste discrimination

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18
Q

What is the Brodmann’s number for the primary gustatory area?

A

43

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19
Q

What does the primary olfactory area do?

A

-receives impulses for smell and involved in olfactory

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20
Q

Where is the primary olfactory area in the brain?

A
  • medial. deep in the brain

- in fold of lateral cerebral sulcus

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21
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the primary olfactory area?

A

28

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22
Q

Where is the primary motor area?

A

in the precentral gyrus

-frontal lobe

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23
Q

What and where is the motor homunculus?

A
  • it is a map of the entire body.
  • each region controls voluntary contractions of specific muscles or groups of muscles
  • it is in the primary motor area in the pre-central gyrus
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24
Q

True or False: in the motor homunculus the areas for skilled complex or delicate movement are smaller but have more axons going to and from.

A

False. The areas for skilled complex or delicate movements are bigger.

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25
Q

What does Broca’s speech area do?

A

from this area the impulses travel to the premotor areas that control speech muscles and to the primary motor areas.

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26
Q

Where is Broca’s speech area?

A

in 97% of people it is in the left hemisphere

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27
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for Broca’s speech area?

A

44, 45

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28
Q

What does the somatosensory association area do?

A
  • receives input from the primary somatosensory area, thalamus and other areas
  • lets you determine the exact shape and texture of an object by feeling it
  • holds memories of past somatic sensory experiences
29
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the somatosensory association area?

A

5, 7

30
Q

What does the visual association area do?

A
  • receives sensory impulses from the primary visual area and thalamus
  • relates present and past visual experiences
  • is essential for recognizing and evaluating what is seen
31
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the visual association area?

A

18, 19

32
Q

What does the facial recognition area do?

A
  • receives sensory impulses from the visual association area

- stores information about faces, allows you to recognize people

33
Q

What is the Brodmann’s number for the facial recognition area?

A

20, 21, 37

34
Q

Is area 20, 21, and 37 more dominant on the right or the left?

A

the facial recognition area is more dominant on the right

35
Q

What does the auditory association area do?

A

lets you recognize a particular sound a speech, music or noise

36
Q

What is the Brodmann’s number for the auditory association area?

A

22

37
Q

What does the orbitofrontal cortex do?

A
  • receives sensory impulses from the primary olfactory area

- allows you to identify odors and discriminate among odors

38
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

11

39
Q

Is area 11 more dominant on the left or the right?

A

the orbitofrontal cortex is more dominant on the right

40
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

-interprets meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

41
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for Wernicke’s area?

A

22, 39, 40

42
Q

Are areas 22, 39, and 40 more dominant on the right or the left?

A

Wernicke’s area is more dominant on the left

43
Q

What does the common integrative area do?

A
  • receives nerve impulses from the primary sensory areas, thalamus and parts of the brainstem
  • integrates sensory interpretations from association areas, allowing the formation of thought based on a variety of sensory inputs
  • then, transmits signals to other parts of brain.
44
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the common integrative area?

A

5, 7, 39, 40

45
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A
  • has numerous connections with other areas of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system and cerebellum
  • personality, intellect, complex learning abilities, recall of information, initiative, judgment, foresight, reasoning, conscience, intuition, mood, planning for the future, development of abstract ideas….
46
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the prefrontal cortex?

A

9, 10, 11, 12

47
Q

What does the premotor area do?

A
  • communicates with the primary motor cortex, sensory association areas, basal nuclei and thalamus
  • deals with learned motor activities of a complex and sequential nature
  • causes specific groups of muscles to contract in a specific sequence
  • helps organize skeletal muscle system to do a task. ie kick a ball
48
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the premotor area?

A

6

49
Q

What does the frontal eye field area do?

A

voluntary scanning of eyes. ie. reading

50
Q

What is Brodmann’s number for the frontal eye field?

A

8

51
Q

Which hemisphere are the language areas in?

A

in the left cerebral hemisphere

52
Q

Define aphasia

A

the inability to use or comprehend words

53
Q

What is damage to Broca’s area called?

A

nonfluent aphasia

54
Q

Define nonfluent aphasia

A
  • inability to properly articulate of form words

- know what they want to say but can’t say it

55
Q

What is damage to Wernicke’s area, common integrative area or the auditory association area called?

A

fluent aphasia

56
Q

What happens in fluent aphasia?

A
  • faulty understanding of spoken or written words

- “word salad” - string of words with no meaning

57
Q

What does the left hemisphere thought to influence in a person?

A
  • language - sign, written, spoken
  • logic
  • reasoning
  • numbers
  • scientific skills
  • math
  • analytic thought
58
Q

What is the right hemisphere thought to influence?

A
  • “ego”
  • facial recognition
  • emotional content of language
  • discrimination of smells
  • artistic
  • generate mental images
  • creativity
  • art & music
  • intuition
  • holistic thought
59
Q

How are brain waves created?

A

-brain waves are generated by neurons close to the brain surface (mainly the cerebral cortex)

60
Q

How is a brain wave detected?

A

by electrodes (sensors)

61
Q

What are the types of brain waves?

A
  • beta waves
  • alpha waves
  • theta waves
  • delta waves
62
Q

What is happening during beta waves?

A

the nervous system is active

63
Q

What is the length of beta waves?

A

14-30 Hz

64
Q

What is the length of alpha waves?

A

8-13 Hz

65
Q

What is the length of theta waves?

A

4-7 Hz

66
Q

What is the length of delta waves?

A

1-5 Hz

67
Q

What is happening during alpha waves

A

awake but resting with eyes closed

68
Q

What is happening during theta waves?

A

when experiencing emotional stress. also many disorders of the brain

69
Q

What is happening during delta waves?

A
  • during deep sleep in adults.

- normal in awake infants.

Neuro (13 decks)

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