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Neuro > #7. Brain stem > Flashcards

#7. Brain stem Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A
  1. medulla oblongata
  2. pons
  3. midbrain
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2
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata located?

A

it goes from the foramen magnum and goes to the pons

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3
Q

What is the medulla oblongata made of?

A

sensory (ascending) tracts and motor (descending) tracts

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4
Q

What are the pyramids?

A
  • bulges of white matter on the anterior part of the medulla.
  • formed by the corticospinal tracts
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5
Q

What is the crossing of axons in the pyramids called?

A

decussation of pyramids

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6
Q

What is the importance of the decussation of pyramids?

A

it explains why each side of the brain controls the opposite side of the body.

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7
Q

What percentage of axons cross at the decussation of pyramids?

A

90%

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8
Q

What does the cardiovascular center in the medulla do?

A

regulates the rate and force of the heartbeat and the diameter of BV’s

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9
Q

What does the medullary rhythmicity area of the respiratory center do?

A

adjusts the basic rhythm of breathing (along with areas in the pons)

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10
Q

What is the olive?

A

a oval-shaped swelling located lateral to each pyramid.

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11
Q

Which nucleus is located in the olive?

A

the inferior olivary nucleus

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12
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus receive input from?

A

-receives input from the cerebral cortex, the red nucleus (midbrain) and the spinal cord.

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13
Q

What does the olive deal with?

A

it mainly has to do with movement

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14
Q

Where do the neurons from the inferior olivary nucleus go?

A
  • they extend into the cerebellum, where they regulate the activity of the cerebellar neurons
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15
Q

What does the inferior olivary nucleus do?

A

-it provides instructions that the cerebellum uses to make adjustments to mm activity as you learn new motor skills

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16
Q

What are the gracile nucleus and cuneate nucleus involved with?

A

-they are associated with sensations of touch, pressure, vibration and conscious proprioception

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17
Q

What is the gustatory nucleus for?

A
  • receiving gustatory input from the taste buds of the tongue.
  • relays from the tongue to the brain
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18
Q

What is the cochlear nuclei for?

A
  • it is part of the auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain
  • receives auditory input from cochlea of the inner ear
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19
Q

What is the vestibular nuclei for?

A

-equilibrium pathway from inner ear to brain

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20
Q

Which cranial nerves have their nuclei located in the medulla?

A 
VIII - vestibularcochlear nerve
IX - glossopharyngeal nerves
X - vagus nerve
XI - accessory nerve
XII - hypoglossal nerve
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21
Q

What are the nuclei located in the medulla?

A
  • gracile nucleus
  • cuneate nucleus
  • gustatory nucleus
  • cochlear nucleus
  • vestibular nuclei
  • CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII
  • inferior olivary nucleus
  • cardiovascular center
  • medullary rhythmicity area of respiratory center
  • vomiting center
  • deglutition center
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22
Q

How can you injure the medulla?

A

a hard blow to the back of the head/upper neck

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23
Q

What does an alcohol overdose affect in the medulla?

A

the medullary rhythmicity area.

can result in death

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24
Q

What is the pons?

A

the bridge that connects parts of the brain with each other

25
Q

What is the pons made of?

A

nuclei and tracts

26
Q

What the pontine nucleus do?

A

-relays signals for voluntary movements from cerebral cortex to the cerebellum

27
Q

Which nuclei are in the pons?

A
  • pontine nucleus
  • neclei for: pneumotaxic area and apneustic area
  • CN V, VI, VII, VIII
28
Q

what is the pneumotaxic area responsible for?

A

rhythm of breathing

29
Q

What is the apneustic area responsible for?

A

inhale/exhale

30
Q

Which cranial nerve has nuclei in both the pons and the medulla?

A

VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

31
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles located?

A

anterior part of the midbrain

32
Q

What are the cerebral peduncles?

A
  • paired bundles of axons

- axons from corticospinal tracts, corticobulbar tracts, and corticopontine tracts.

33
Q

Are the tracts in the cerebral peduncles efferent or afferent?

A

efferent

34
Q

what is the corticospinal tract for?

A

the motor area in the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

35
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract for?

A

the motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the medulla

36
Q

What is the corticopontine tract for?

A

motor areas in the cerebral cortex to the pons.

37
Q

Where is the tectum?

A

the posterior part of the midbrain

38
Q

What does the tectum contain?

A

superior colliculi and inferior colliculi

39
Q

What does the superior colliculi do?

A
  • nuclei in 2 superior elevations that coordinate movement of head, eyes, trunk in response to a visual stimulus
    (ie. you see something in the corner of your eye and you turn towards it)
40
Q

What does the inferior colliculi do?

A
  • coordinates movements of the head, eyes, trunk in response to auditory stimuli
    (ie. you hear something and you turn)
41
Q

what is the startle reflex?

A

sudden movements of the head, eyes, and trunk that occur when surprised by a loud noise

42
Q

What is the substantia nigra?

A

-neurons that release dopamine and help control the subconscious muscles activities

43
Q

What is loss of the substantia nigra associated with?

A

Parkinson’s disease

44
Q

What does the red nuclei do?

A

involved with voluntary muscle movements

45
Q

Why is the red nuclei red?

A

it has a rich blood supply and iron-containing pigment

46
Q

What nuclei are in the midbrain?

A
  • substantia nigra
  • red nuclei
  • CN III and IV
47
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

a net like arrangment of grey and white matter that is located throughout the brain stem

48
Q

What is the importance of the RAS?

A

-system that wakes you up.

49
Q

What does RAS stand for?

A

reticular activating system

50
Q

What makes up the RAS?

A

sensory axons that project to the cerebral cortex and motor axons connecting to the cerebellum and spinal cord

51
Q

What activates the RAS?

A
  • visual stimuli
  • auditory stimuli
  • mental activites
  • pain, touch, pressure stimuli
  • proprioceptive receptors
52
Q

What does the RAS do?

A
  • it is involved in consciousness
  • active during arousal
  • helps maintain attention and alertness
  • prevents sensory overload
53
Q

How does the RAS prevent sensory overload?

A

by filtering out insignificant information so the it does not reach consciouness (ie. pants, pants, pants.)

54
Q

What does inactivation of RAS do?

A

produces sleep.

55
Q

Define sleep

A

a stat of partial consciousness from which an individual can be aroused

56
Q

What happens if the RAS is damaged?

A

-coma

57
Q

Define muscle tone

A

the slight degree of involuntary contraction in normal resting skeletal muscles

58
Q

What is the RAS involved in?

A
  • regulating muscle tone
  • regulation of heart rate
  • regulation of BP
  • regulation of respiratory rate
59
Q

What sense does the RAS not receive sensory input from?

A

olfactory

Neuro (13 decks)

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