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Module 1B > 9 Epithelium > Flashcards

9 Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four (4) distinct characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A

high cellularity, avascular, functional and morphological polarity,
and basal surface is attached to basement membrane

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2
Q

The electron-luscent layer where the basal surfaces of epithelial
cells rest

A

Lamina Rara Externa

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3
Q

The middle electron-dense layer made up of collagen type IV and
proteoglycans

A

Lamina Densa

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4
Q

An electron-luscent layer of the basal lamina that is not always
present

A

Lamina Rara Interna

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5
Q

What produces the basal lamina?

A

Epithelial Cells

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6
Q

Layer of extracellular material which is thicker than the basal lamina
and is sandwiched between the basal lamina and underlying tissues

A

Lamina Fibroreticularis

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7
Q

What produces the lamina fibroreticularis?

A

Fibroblasts

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8
Q

The basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis are collectively referred
to as ___________

A

Basement Membrane

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9
Q

Consists of a single layer of flattened cells whose nucleus occupies the
thickest part of the cells

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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10
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium are commonly found in these
strcutures

A

lung alveoli, parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule in the
kidneys

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11
Q

Consists of a single layer of cells whose height approximates their width
and with round and centrally-located nuclei

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

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12
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium are commonly found in these
strcutures

A

ducts of major salivary glands, pancreas, and collecting tubules
of the kidneys

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13
Q

Consists of a single layer of tall cells which with oval-shaped and
basally-located nuclei forming a single row

A

Simple Columnar Epithelium

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14
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium can be commonly found in these
strcutures

A

stomach, intestines

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15
Q

A variant of simple columnar epithelium which consists of tall cells that all
rest on the basal lamina, forming only a single layer of cells despite their
“stratified” or multilayered appearance

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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16
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium can be commonly found in these
strcutures

A

membranous and spongy part of the male urethra

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17
Q

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in which
structures?

A

trachea, main bronchi

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18
Q

What type of stratified epithelial tissue has an arrangement in which cells
in the most superficial layers are flat, while cells in the deeper layers are
cuboidal or columnar?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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19
Q

What type of stratified squamous epithelium have cells in the superficial
layer are dead cells, anucleated, no organelles, and are impervious to
water?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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20
Q

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found in the
____________

A

epidermis

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21
Q

Thin sheet of amorphous extracellular material made up of glycoproteins,
collagen, and proteoglycans where basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest

A

Basal Lamina

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22
Q

What type of stratified squamous epithelium have cells in the superficial
layer which are flattened but are still nucleated?

A

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

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23
Q

Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found in the
____________

A

oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, part of the urethra,
and superficial layer of the cornea

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24
Q

What epithelium is an intermediate between stratified cuboidal and
stratified squamous epithelia, designed to withstand stretching, and lines
urinary passages?

A

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)

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25
Q

What cells are sometimes binucleated and highly differentiated to protect
the underlying cells against the potentially cytotoxic effects of hypertonic
urine?

A

umbrella cells

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26
Q

Where can umbrella cells be found?

A

Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)

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27
Q

Name the four (4) apical surface modifications of epithelial cells

A

microvilli, cilia, flagella, stereocilia/stereovilli

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28
Q

What are fingerlike cytoplasmic projections on the apical domain of the
cell, are non-motile, and increases the surface area of the epithelium?

A

Microvilli

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29
Q

What are motile hairlike extensions of the apical plasma membrane
containing an axoneme?

A

Cilia

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30
Q

What is found in the core of a cilium and consists of a pair of
centrally-located microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules?

A

Axoneme

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31
Q

What are non-motile, long cilia found in hair cells?

A

Kinocilia

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32
Q

Are simply long cilia

A

Flagella

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33
Q

Motile or Non-motile: Flagella

A

Motile

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34
Q

What kind of apical surface modification is found in spermatozoon

A

Flagella

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35
Q

The only cell type that possesses a flagellum in humans

A

spermatozoan

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36
Q

The main function is to propel the spermatozoon along the female genital tract

A

Flagella

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37
Q

The main function of flagella is to propel the __ along the female genital tract

A

spermatozoon

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38
Q

Are simply microvilli that are as long as cilia

A

Stereocilia/ stereovilli

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39
Q

Motile or Non-motile: Stereocilia/ stereovilli

A

Non-motile

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40
Q

What consists the core of Stereocilia/ stereovilli?

A

Actin filaments

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41
Q

What kind of apical surface modification is found in cells that line the ductus epididymis and ductus deferens (long tubes that convey sperm cells from the testes to the external environment)

A

Stereocilia/ stereovilli

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42
Q

Stereocilia/ stereovilli is found in cells that line the ___ and __

A

ductus epididymis
ductus deferens (long tubes that convey sperm cells from the testes to the external environment)

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43
Q

Present in hair cells of the inner ear that play a role in auditory and vestibular perception

A

Stereocilia/ stereovilli

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44
Q

Stereocilia/ stereovilli is present in hair cells of the ___ that play a role in auditory and vestibular perception

A

inner ear

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45
Q

Stereocilia/ stereovilli is present in hair cells of the inner ear that play a role in __ and __ perception

A

Auditory
vestibular

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46
Q

Apical surface modification: At the back of the set of cilia of stereocilia

A

Kinocilium

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47
Q

A long microvilli

A

Kinocilium

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48
Q

What is the purpose of Microvilli and Stereocilia/Stereovilli?

A

increase absorptive capacity of the cell

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49
Q

What is the core of Microvilli and Stereocilia/Stereovilli?

A

actin filaments

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50
Q

Motile or Non-motile: microvilli

A

Non-motile

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51
Q

Motile or Non-motile: Cilia

A

Motile

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52
Q

Motile or Non-motile: Flagella

A

Motile

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53
Q

It propels mucus to the nasopharynx

A

Cilia

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54
Q

It propels sperm cell

A

Flagella

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55
Q

Technically longer cilia but is non-motile

A

Kinocilia

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56
Q

Stereocilia absorbs excess fluids in the __

A

tubules

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57
Q

What are the apical surface modifications?

A

Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
steriocilia/steriovilli

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58
Q

What are the lateral surface modifications?

A

Zonula occludens
Zonula adeherens
Desomosome/ Macula adherens
Gap junction

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59
Q

It is impermeable and allows epithelial cells to function as a barrier

A

Zonula occludens

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60
Q

Form the primary intercellular diffusion barrier between adjacent cells

A

Zonula occludens

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61
Q

The most apically situated of the junctional complexes

A

Zonula occludens

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62
Q

It prevent migration of lipids and specialized membrane proteins between the apical and lateral surfaces, thus maintaining the integrity of these 2 domains

A

Zonula occludens

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63
Q

There are 3 major groups of transmembrane proteins found in zonula occludens, these are:

A

Occludin
Claudin
Junction Adhesion Molecule (JAM)

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64
Q

Commonly altered or disrupted by bacteria to penetrate the epithelium

A

Zonula occludens

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65
Q

Protein which participates in maintaining the barrier between adjacent cells and between the apical and lateral domains

A

occludin

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66
Q

Form the backbone of each zonula occludens strand

A

claudin

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67
Q

A transmembrane protein found in zonula occludens:
Forms extracellular aqueous channels for paracellular passage of ions

A

Claudin

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68
Q

A transmembrane protein found in zonula occludens:
Protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)

A

Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)

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69
Q

It is involved in the formation of occluding junctions in endothelial cells and between endothelial cells and monocytes migrating from the vascular space to the connective tissue

A

Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)

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70
Q

Located just below the Zonula Occludens

A

Zonula Adherens

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71
Q

lateral surface modifications:

Cell membranes of adjoining cells are very close to each other but neither adhere nor fuse

A

Zonula Adherens

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72
Q

In zonula adherens, cells are separated by narrow __ filled with extracellular material that binds the apposed cell membranes to each other

A

intercellular space

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73
Q

Reinforces the Zonula Occludens

A

intercellular space

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74
Q

composed of the transmembrane cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin

A

Zonula Adherens

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75
Q

Zonula Adherens is composed of the transmembrane cell adhesion molecule__

A

E-cadherin

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76
Q

The extracellular components of the E-cadherin molecules from adjacent cells are linked by ___

A

calcium ions

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77
Q

Zonula Adherens:
On the cytoplasmic side, the tail is bound to __, the resulting E-cadherin-complex binds to vinculin alpha actinin and is required for the interaction of cadherins with the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

catenin

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78
Q

Zonula Adherens:
On the cytoplasmic side, the tail is bound to catenin, the resulting E-cadherin-complex binds to ____ and is required for the interaction of cadherins with the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

A

vinculin alpha actinin

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79
Q

Zonula Adherens:
Morphologic and functional integrity is __ dependent

A

calcium

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80
Q

Function as a master molecule in regulating cell adhesion, polarity, differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival of epithelial cells

A

E-cadherin-catenin complex

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81
Q

Situated just below the zonula adherens and other areas on the lateral surface of epithelial cells

A

Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens

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82
Q

Form button-like or rivet-like adhesions arranged in a line around the cell

A

Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens

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83
Q

Desmosomes are Numerous on the ___ of the skin

A

epidermis

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84
Q

Major anchoring cell to cell junction that provides a strong attachment located at the lateral domain of the cells

A

Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens

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85
Q

Transmembrane glycoproteins that provide the linkage between the plasma membrane of adjacent cells

A

Desmogleins and Desmocollins

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86
Q

Form a zipper that connects adjacent cells

A

Desmogleins and Desmocollins

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87
Q

Disc-shaped structure attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of each of the adjoining cells

A

Desmosomal attachment plaque

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88
Q

Anchors the intermediate filaments which has a role in dissipating physical forces

A

Desmosomal attachment plaque

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89
Q

In gap junction, Apposed plasma membranes of adjoining cells are provided with __

A

connexons

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90
Q

In __, Apposed plasma membranes of adjoining cells are provided with connexons

A

gap junction

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91
Q

multiple passageways which are dumbbell-shaped transmembrane proteins with a central opening (that closes and opens when needed)

A

connexons

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92
Q

Channels that permit flow of small molecules and exchange of ions between adjoining epithelial cells

A

gap junction

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93
Q

Permeable or impermeable: Zonula Occludens

A

impermeable

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94
Q

central molecular structure of E-cadherin form adjacent cells that are linked by __

A

calcium ions

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95
Q

E-Cadherin is __ dependent

A

Ca2+

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96
Q

one dumb bell-shaped structure that is the gap junction

A

Connexon

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97
Q

It prevents movement between apical and lateral domains

A

occludin

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98
Q

It provides pathway for ions

A

Claudin

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99
Q

associated proteins that interacts with the cell cytoskeleton binding actin filaments

A

ZO-1

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100
Q

__ will be able to penetrate the gastric mucosa, and destroy mucosa once zonula occludens is disrupted

A

Acid

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101
Q

Acid will be able to penetrate the ___, and destroy mucosa once zonula occludens is disrupted

A

gastric mucosa

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102
Q

Acid will be able to penetrate the gastric mucosa, and destroy mucosa once ___ is disrupted

A

zonula occludens

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103
Q

Hemidesmosomes are found in the ___ of the skin’s epidermis

A

stratum basale

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104
Q

Hemidesmosomes are found in the stratum basale of the skin’s __

A

epidermis

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105
Q

Structurally identical to half a desmosome

A

Hemidesmosomes

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106
Q

Helps anchor the epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina

A

Hemidesmosomes

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107
Q

Basal infoldings of the plasmalemma increases what?

A

absorbing capacity of a cell

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108
Q

It connects the basal lamina of the stratum basale

A

Hemidesmosomes

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109
Q

What bacteria produces enterotoxin?

A

Clostridium perfringens

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110
Q

What does the enterotoxin bind to?

A

Claudin molecules

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111
Q

What is the backbone of zonula occludens?

A

Claudin molecules

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112
Q

What pathway is involved in fluid movement into the small intestine lumen?

A

Paracellular

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113
Q

What condition does the fluid movement into the small intestine cause?

A

Dehydration

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114
Q

What toxin does Clostridium perfringens produce?

A

Enterotoxin

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115
Q

In the clinical correlation of food poisoning:

Binding to the claudin molecules prevents their incorporation into the ___ molecule, disrupting the normal structure

A

zonula occludens

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116
Q

What bacterium is associated with gastric ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

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117
Q

To which domain do H. pylori proteins bind?

A

Extracellular

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118
Q

Where is the H. pylori protein translocated?

A

Cytoplasm

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119
Q

Which signaling regulatory protein is targeted by H. pylori?

A

ZO-1 and Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)

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120
Q

What barrier is disrupted by the targeting of ZO-1 and JAM?

A

Zonula occludens

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121
Q

What condition results from the disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier?

A

Gastric ulcer

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122
Q

What severe condition may develop from chronic irritation caused by H. pylori?

A

Gastric carcinoma

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123
Q

Secretory units that produce secretions

A

Glandular epithelium

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124
Q

glandular epithelium:
2 categories as to where their secretions are released:

A

Endocrine
Exocrine

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125
Q

Ductless type of glandular epithelium

A

Endocrine glands

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126
Q

How do endocrine glands deliver their secretions

A

Via the blood or lymph

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127
Q

Chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands that is carried by blood to target cells in organs or tissues which contain appropriate receptors for it

A

Hormones

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128
Q

Adrenal and thyroid glands are examples of __

A

Endocrine glands

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129
Q

An endocrine gland wherein individual epithelial cells secrete substances that do not reach the bloodstream but affects other cells within the same epithelium

A

Paracrine glands

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130
Q

A type of secretion wherein the secreted substances do not reach the bloodstream but affects other substances within the same epithelium

A

Paracrine secretion

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131
Q

How do substances secreted via paracrine secretions reach their target cells?

A

Via diffusuin through the extracellular space or immediately subjacent connective tissue

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132
Q

Exocrine glands are classified according to?

A

Mechanisms of Secretion and Number of Cells that Comprise the Gland

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133
Q

Different mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands

A

Merocrine/Eccrine, Apocrine, Holocrine

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134
Q

Most common mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands

A

Merocrine/Eccrine Secretion

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135
Q

A mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands wherein secretory product is delivered in membrane-bound vesicles to the apical domain of the cell

A

Merocrine/Eccrine Secretion

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136
Q

In merocrine/eccrine secretion, where do the membrane-bound vesicles containing the secretory products fuse or bind to?

A

Apical plasma membrane

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137
Q

How do the membrane-bound vesicles in merocrine/eccrine secretion extrude their contents?

A

Via exocytosis

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138
Q

Merocrine/Eccrine secretion is found in __

A

Pacreatic acinar cells

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139
Q

A mechanism of secretion by exocrine gland wherein secretory product is released in the apical part or domain of the cell surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm within an envelope of plasma membranes

A

Apocrine secretion

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140
Q

In apocrine secretion, where are secretory products released to?

A

Apical part or domain of the cell surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm within an envelope of plasma membranes

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141
Q

Apocrine secretion is found in _

A

Lactating mammary glands and ceruminous glands

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142
Q

A mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands wherein secretory product accumulates within the maturing cell which simultaneously undergoes programmed cell death

A

Holocrine secretion

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143
Q

Where do holocrine secretions release their products?

A

Lumen of the gland

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144
Q

Holocrine secretions include ___

A

Secretory product and cell debris

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145
Q

Holocrine secretion is found in __

A

Sebaceous glands of the skin

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146
Q

Classification of exocrine glands according to the number of cells that comprise the gland

A

Unicellular and Multicellular

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147
Q

A type of exocrine gland composed of a single cell

A

Unicellular

148
Q

Unicellular exocrine gland is exemplified by _

A

Goblet cells in segments of digestive and respiratory tracts

149
Q

In a photomicrograph, unicellular goblet cells stained with H&E appears __

A

Clear, cup-like cells that form part of the surface epithelium of an intestinal villus

150
Q

A type of exocrine gland consisting of more than one cell

A

Multicellular

151
Q

What are the different types of multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Secretory epithelial sheet, intraepithelial sheet, exocrine glands with ducts

152
Q

Surface epithelium where most of the cells are secretory

A

Secretory epithelial sheet

153
Q

Example of a secretory epithelial sheet

A

Ependyma

154
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the choroid plexus in the brain which produces CSF

A

Ependyma

155
Q

Group of secretory cells in a surface epithelium that gather together around a small orifice that serve as a duct and forms shallow invagination within the epithelial surface

A

Intraepithelial glands

156
Q

Example of intraepithelial glands

A

Epithelium lining the penile urethra (lacunae of morgagni/Littre’s glands

157
Q

Glands that possess TRUE ducts

A

Exocrine glands with ducts

158
Q

In exocrine glands with ducts, secretory units which lie ___ are connected to ___

A

underneath the epithelium; epithelial surfaces

159
Q

A multicellular exocrine gland wherein secretions are delivered to the surfaces of epithelium via a duct or system of ducts

A

Exocrine glands with ducts

160
Q

Exocrine glands with ducts are further classified according to?

A

Morphology

161
Q

What are the classifications of exocrine glands with ducts according to morphology?

A

Simple and compound

162
Q

Different types of simple glands

A

Simple tubular, coiled tubular, branched tubular, alveolar/acinar, and branched acinar/alveolar

163
Q

Different types of compound glands

A

Compound tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar

164
Q

A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts having a secretory portion in a straight tube formed by the secretory cells (goblet cells)

A

Simple tubular

165
Q

Simple tubular glands are typically located in

A

Large intestine, intestinal glands of the colon

166
Q

A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts composed of the secretory portion located deep in the dermis

A

Simple coiled tubular

167
Q

Simple coiled tubular glands are typically located in

A

Skin, eccrine sweat gland

168
Q

A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts with wide secretory portion formed by the secretory cells and produce a viscous mucous secretion

A

Simple branched tubular

169
Q

Simple branched tubular glands are typically located in

A

Stomach, mucus-secreting glands of the pylorus, uterus, endometrial glands

170
Q

A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts that develop as an outpouching of the transitional epithelium and are formed by a single layer of secretory cells

A

Simple acinar

171
Q

A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts with secretory portions formed by mucus-secreting cells, the short, single-duct portion opens directly into the lumen

A

Simple branched acinar

172
Q

A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with coiled secretory portions located deep in the submucosa of the duodenum

A

Compound tubular

173
Q

A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with alveolar-shaped secretory units formed by pyramid-shaped serous-secreting cells

A

Compound acinar

174
Q

A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts having both mucous branched tubular and serous branched acinar secretory units and serous end-caps (demilunes)

A

Compound tubuloacinar

175
Q

What are the serous end-caps found in compound tubuloacinar called?

A

Demilunes

176
Q

Single, straight, tubular lumen into which the secretory products are discharged

A

Simple tubular glands

177
Q

What are the cells comprising the simple tubular glands?

A

Secretory and ductal cells

178
Q

What type of gland are Crypts of Lieverkuhn (intestinal glands)?

A

Simple tubular glands

179
Q

Single tube that is tightly coiled in three dimensions

A

Simple coiled tubular glands

180
Q

Have a terminal secretory portion lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, which gives way to a non-secretory (excretory) duct D lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Sweat glands

181
Q

What type of glands are sweat glands?

A

Simple coiled tubular

182
Q

The terminal secretory portion of the sweat gland is lined by what type of epithelial tissue

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

183
Q

The non-secretory duct of the sweat gland is lined by what type of epithelial tissue

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

184
Q

A simple type of exocrine glands with ducts wherein each glands consists of several tubular secretory portions, which converge onto a single unbranched duct of wider diameter

A

Simple branched tubular

185
Q

Simple branched tubular glands contain mucus secreting cells that do not possess a _ shape

A

Goblet shape

186
Q

What type of gland are cardiac glands in the stomach?

A

Simple branched tubular

187
Q

What type of gland is the pyloric part of the stomach?

A

Simple branched tubular

188
Q

A simple type of exocrine glands with ducts consisting of several secretory acini that empty into a single excretory duct

A

Simple branched acinar/alveolar

189
Q

The excretory duct of simple branched acinar/alveolar glands is formed by what type of epithelial tissue

A

Stratified epithelium

190
Q

The stratified epithelium forming the excretory duct of simple branched acinar/alveolar glands surrounds the __

A

Hair shaft

191
Q

What mechanism of secretion is exhibited by the simple branched acinar/alveolar?

A

Holocrine secretion

192
Q

What type of gland are the sebaceous glands of the skin?

A

Simple branched acinar/alveolar

193
Q

What are the cells comprising the compound glands?

A

Secretory and ductal cells

194
Q

A compound type of exocrine glands with ducts characterized by a branched duct sustem and tubular, branched, and coiled secretory portions

A

Compound tubular glands

195
Q

What type of gland are the Brunner’s glands in the duodenum?

A

Compound tubular glands

196
Q

A compound type of exocrine glands with ducts characterized by a branched duct system and alveolar secretory portions

A

Compiund alveolar/acini glands

197
Q

What type of gland are the pancreas?

A

Compound alveolar/acini

198
Q

A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts having 3 secretory units (branched tubular, branched acinar, branched tubulular with acinar end-pieces)

A

Compound tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar

199
Q

What are the 3 secretory units seen in compound tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar glands?

A

Branched tubular, branched acinar, and branched tubular with acinar and end-pieces (demilunes)

200
Q

A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with a branched duct system and acinar secretory portions

A

Compound acinar glands

201
Q

What type of gland are major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)?

A

Compound acinar glands

202
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

203
Q

Secretory cells, acini, and exocrine glands are classified according to?

A

Nature of secretion

204
Q

What are the classifications of secretory cells, acini, and exocrine glands according to nature of secretion?

A

Mucous secreting and secreting

205
Q

Type of cells producing mucus

A

Mucous cells

206
Q

What is the function of mucus?

A

Protect and lubricate covering epithelia

207
Q

Glands with secretory units consisting EXCLUSIVELY of MUCOUS ALVEOLI

A

Mucous glands

208
Q

Cells that produce thin water secretion that often contain enzymes

A

Serous cells

209
Q

Crescentic cap-like structures at the periphery of a mixed alveoli formed by serous cells

A

Serous demilunes of Gianuzzi

210
Q

Major salivary gland with purely serous secretions

A

Parotid

211
Q

Major salivary gland with more serous than mucous secretions and also contains demilunes

A

Submandibular

212
Q

Major salivary gland with more mucous than serous secretions and also contains demilunes

A

Sublingual

213
Q

Two structures that make up the renal corpuscles.

A

Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule

214
Q

It is a ball-like structure consisting of capillaries, mesangial matrix, and glomerular mesangial cells.

A

Glomerulus

215
Q

A double-walled sac that surrounds the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

216
Q

What type of epithelium constitutes the parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

217
Q

These surrounds the renal corpuscles which vary in shape and diameter.

A

Hollow tubular structures (tubes)

218
Q

What type of epithelium lines the endocardium?

A

Simple squamous epithelium.

219
Q

This simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels is termed the _______.

A

Endothelium

220
Q

These are modified cardiac muscle cells.

A

Purkinje fibers

221
Q

What type of epithelium lines the fundus?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

222
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The fundus contains both simple tubular and simple branched tubular glands.

A

TRUE

223
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in thick skin?

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

224
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The most superficial layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells

A

True

225
Q

What type of gland is the sweat gland?

A

Simple Coiled Tubular Glands

226
Q

The sweat gland is a/an _____ gland by nature of secretion, and a/an _______ gland by mode of secretion.

A

Serous; Merocrine

227
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The sweat gland is an example of a simple branched alveolar gland.

A

FALSE; it is a simple coiled tubular gland

228
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: The skin of the scalp consists of both sweat and sebaceous glands.

A

TRUE

229
Q

Morpholigically, sweat gland is a ______________; sebaceous gland is a _____________.

A

SWEAT GLAND: Simple Coiled Tubular Gland; SEBACEOUS GLAND: Simple Branched Alveolar Gland

230
Q

The sebaceous gland is ______ gland per mode of secretion

A

Holocrine

231
Q

A highly coiled, tubular structure that is a segment of the excretory duct of the testes

A

ductus epididymis

232
Q

the luminal surface of the ductus epididymis is lined with what type of epithelium?

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

233
Q

what type of surface modification is present on the apical surface of epithelium of the ductus epididymis as pointed by the black arrow?

A

stereocilia

234
Q

motile surface modification also known as kinocilia that are present on the apical surfaces of cells specialized for transport of fluid or mucus over the surface of the epithelium

A

cilia

235
Q

short, fingerlike, and non-motile extensions or processes of the plasma membrane that protrude from the apical surface of cells

A

microvilli

236
Q

what are the surface modifications that are motile and are merely long cilia present only in the spermatozoa in humans

A

flagella

237
Q

non-motile surface moifications that consists of actin filaments that are simply microvilli that is as long as a cilia

A

stereocilia / stereovilli

238
Q

a type of epithelium with several layers of cells resembling non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium but with a superficial layer that are cuboidal and dome-shaped

A

transitional epithelium

239
Q

the epithelium of the choroid plexus is also called ependyma, which is a secretory epithelium sheet which produces a serous secretion known as

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

240
Q

It is a compound tubuloalveolar gland that is also known as the Submaxillary gland

A

Submandibular Gland

241
Q

Identify the gland in the figure.

A

Submandibular Gland (Aka Submaxillary Gland

242
Q

Under low magnification, the submandibular gland consists mainly of ___ (has 2 types: Serous and Mucuous)

A

Acini or alveoli

243
Q

Under high magnification acini, the serous acini consists of ___

A

Serous cells (It has basophilic cytoplasm and centrally located round nuclei)

244
Q

Under high magnification, how can you identify purely mucous acini in a gland?

A

Far and fewer

245
Q

What are the characteristics of acini under high magnification where purely mucous acini are fewer and far between the gland?

A

Mucous cells that have pale staining
Displaced nuclei to the basal region of the cells

246
Q

What type of cells are present in mixed alveoli?

A

Mucous and serous cells

247
Q

What do you call the mixed alveoli that have serous cells arranged to form crescentic caps?

A

Serous Demilunes (of Gianuzzi)

248
Q

Where is Serous Demilunes (of Gianuzzi) located?

A

Periphery of the alveoli

249
Q

This stucture (under low magnification) have bigger lumen than secretory units and are seen mostly in cross and oblique sections.

A

Ducts (Lining epithelium vary depending on the caliber of the duct)

250
Q

Enumerate the epithelial linings that can be found in ducts.

A

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

251
Q

What are flattened cells with darkly-stained fusiform nucelus?

A

Myoepithelial cells

252
Q

What type of gland is parotid gland?

A

Compound Tubuloalveolar

253
Q

The secretory unit of parotid gland is composed of ___

A

Serous Cells

254
Q

Where are the myopeithelial cells should only be located?

A

Alveoli and ducts

255
Q

What cells are arranged into clusters and irregular cord in endocrine glands like the pituitary gland?

A

Epithelial cells

256
Q

What do the clusters in pituitary gland contain?

A

Red blood cells

257
Q

What do you call small blood vessels in white spaces or the irregular lumen in the pituitary gland?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)

258
Q

simplest cell to cell attachments that consists of finger-like cytoplasmic processes

A

interdigitation

259
Q

4 types of specialized intercellular junctions that are visible under the electron microscope

A

zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosome, and gap junction

260
Q

a type of junctional complex that are designed to keep adjacent cells toget

A

zonula occludens

261
Q

2 types of junctions complex that ensures that substances can enter or exit the underlying tissue by passing through

A

zonula adherents and desmosomes

262
Q

a type of junction that enables adjacent cells to communicate with each other

A

gap junctions

263
Q

zonula occludens and zonula adherens are collectively referred to as ____.

A

juxtaluminal junctional complex or terminal bar

264
Q

what types of junctional complexes are present on simple cuboidal epthilial cells and simple columnar epithelial cells?

A

zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosome, and gap junction

265
Q

this is known as the tight junction and is situated at the apical portion of the junctional complexes

A

zona occludens

266
Q

this type of junctional complex is located below the zona occludens

A

zona adherens

267
Q

2 types of junctional complex that forms a band around the epithelial cells

A

zona adherens and zona occludens

268
Q

the type of junctional complex that forms button-like or rivet-like adhesions in a linear arrangement around the cell

A

desmosome

269
Q

____ are numerous in the epidermis of the skin, where they are the only types of junctional complex present.

A

desmosomes

270
Q

Gap junctions enable adjacent cells to exchange ions and small molecules because ____ of adjoining epithelial cells are aligned and continuous with each other

A

connexons

271
Q

2 types of basal surface modification

A

hemidesmosome and basal infoldings of the plasmalemma

272
Q

what is the main function of hemidesmosome

A

it helps anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina

273
Q

what is the main function of basal infoldings of the plasmalemma

A

it increases rhe absorbing capacity of a cell

274
Q

Most endocrine glands arise in the ____ as invagination or evagination of the covering epithelium of body cavities.

A

embryo

275
Q

These are chemical substances that are carried by the blood to the organs or tissues toward the target cells with an appropriate receptor

A

hormones

276
Q

the unicellular gland of the exocrine glands are exemplified by the ____.

A

goblet cells

277
Q

what are the 3 categories of the multicellular gland of the exocrine gland?

A

secretory epithelial sheets, intraepithelial glands, and glands

278
Q

Exocrine glands with ducts consists of glands that possess ____ ducts

A

TRUE

279
Q

Exocrine glands with ducts arise as ____ of surface epithelia.

A

invaginations

280
Q

2 types of classification of exocrine glands with ducts

A

simple gland and compound gland

281
Q

what are the 5 types of simple endocrine glands with ducts

A

simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular, simple alveolar, simple branched alveolar

282
Q

what types of secretory units are found in exocrine glands?

A

blind-ending tubes and globular-basket-like structures

283
Q

what type of secretory units are found in the tubular gland

A

secretory tubules

284
Q

what type of secretory units are found in the alveolar gland

A

acini

285
Q

what type of gland wherein secretory portions are both tubular and some are globular

A

tubuloalveolar gland

286
Q

what are the 3 types of compound exocrine glands

A

compound tubular, compound alveolar, and compound tubuloalveolar

287
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

simple tubular

288
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the cardiac glands in the stomach?

A

simple branched tubular

289
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the sweat glands?

A

simple coiled tubular

290
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the sebaceous gland?

A

simple branched alveolar

291
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the Brunner’s glands?

A

compound coiled tubular glands

292
Q

what type of exocrine gland is found in the major salivary glands?

A

compound tubuloalveolar glands

293
Q

secretory cells that produce viscous secretions that contains mucin

A

mucous cells

294
Q

this substance is rich in glycoprotein that when hydrated, it forms into mucus

A

mucin

295
Q

what is the primary function of mucus

A

protects and lubricates the covering epithelia

296
Q

what type of secretory cell that produces thin, watery secretions that contains enzymes

A

serous cells

297
Q

Secretory units of exocrine glands that consist entirely of mucous cells

A

mucus alveoli

298
Q

Secretory units of exocrine glands that consists exclusively of serous cells

A

serous alveoli

299
Q

Secretory units of exocrine glands that contains both mucous and serous cells

A

mixed alveoli

300
Q

a structure found in the submandibular gland that resembles crescentic caps at the periphery of the alveoli

A

demilunes (of Gianuzzi)

301
Q

Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists exclusively of serous alveoli

A

serous glands

302
Q

Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists exclusively of mucous alveoli

A

mucous glands

303
Q

Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists of mucous and serous alveoli

A

mixed glands

304
Q

Type of exocrine gland whose secretory cells release their secretion by exocytosis

A

merocrine glands

305
Q

Organs that utilize merocrine glands

A

major salivary glands and exocrine portion of pancreas

306
Q

Type of exocrine gland whose secretory cells are destroyed, while the remnants and secretions are discharged by the gland

A

holocrine glands

307
Q

An example that utilize the holocrine glands

A

sebaceous glands of the skin

308
Q

Type of exocrine gland whose apical part of the secretory cells are release along with their secretory product

A

apocrine glands

309
Q

organs that utilize the apocrine glands

A

ceruminous glands of the skin and the extrenal auditory meatus

310
Q

a type of cells that are Flattened, stellate cells that are present between epithelial cells and basal lamina

A

myoepithelial cells

311
Q

myoepithelial cells are present in what organs

A

sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, major salivary glands

312
Q

In these tissues, epithelial cells are arranged into clusters and irregular cord

A

Pituitary gland

313
Q

The clusters of the pituitary gland are separated by which structure?

A

Irregular lumen

314
Q

The small spaces in the pituitary gland are the blood vessels. What is the specific blood vessel type present in the pituitary gland?

A

Sinusoidal capillaries

315
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries of the pituitary gland are lined by ____

A

Endothelium

316
Q

This is a characteristic of the epithelial cell stating that there are no blood vessels found between the cells

A

Avascular

317
Q

___ and ___ are used to determine the basal, lateral and superficial surfaces of the epithelium

A

Cytoplasmic Organelles and Surface Modifications

318
Q

Epithelial tissues are the only basic tissue derived from how many embryonic germ layers?

A

3

319
Q

What are the three (3) embryonic germ layers?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

320
Q

On which embryonic germ layer do Epithelium covering external surfaces of body and some parts of the GI tract were differentiated from?

A

Ectoderm

321
Q

Other parts of the digestive tract, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder and urethra were differentiated from which embryonic germ layer?

A

Endoderm

322
Q

This embryonic germ layer gives rise to the cardiovascular system epithelia, serous cavities, and urinary system with exception of the bladder and urethra

A

Mesoderm

323
Q

This is a thin sheet of amorphous extracellular material where the basal or deepest epithelial layer rest on

A

Basal Lamina

324
Q

The basal lamina is usually thin, but in which areas is the basal lamina thicker?

A

Glomerulus in Kidneys

325
Q

What are the three layers of the basal lamina?

A

Lamina rara externa
Lamina densa
Lamina rara interna

326
Q

True or False: The basal lamina is synonymous to the basement membrane

A

False

The basement membrane is a collective term for the basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis

327
Q

Layer of the basal lamina which is mentioned to be the outermost layer and where the basal cells are rested.

A

Lamina rara externa

328
Q

The Lamina rara externa is primarily made up of ___ and ___

A

Laminin and Proteoglycans

329
Q

The Lamina densa is primarily made up of ___ and ___

A

Type IV collagen and proteoglycans

330
Q

The Lamina rara interna is primarily made up of ___, ____, ____, and ____

A

collagen type VII, fibronectin, thrombospondin, and proteoglycans

331
Q

This is a collective term for the basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis

A

Basement membrane

332
Q

True or False: Lamina fibroreticularis can only be found in epithelial tissues

A

True

333
Q

This refers to tissue that covers the external surfaces

A

Surface epithelium

334
Q

Refers to tissue specialized in elaborating (synthesize; produce) and releasing (secrete) macromolecule

A

Glandular epithelium

335
Q

Surface epithelia are categorized based on the number of cell layers formed: Single layer

A

Simple Epithelial tissue

336
Q

Surface epithelia are categorized based on the number of cell layers formed: >1 layer

A

Stratified Epithelial tissue

337
Q

Single layer of flattened cells wherein the nuclei of the cells occupy the thickest part of the cells

A

Simple Epithelial tissue

338
Q

Dye that is best used to observe the cells in simple squamous epithelium

A

Silver dye

339
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the serous cavities of the body (such as pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura)

A

Mesothelium

340
Q

Simple squamous epithelium that lines the luminal surface of the heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels

A

Endothelium

341
Q

Single layer of cells wherein cells are equally as tall as they are wide

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

342
Q

Type of simple epithelium that is present in certain segments of the ducts of the major salivary glands and the pancreas, collecting tubules of the kidney, some follicles of the thyroid gland, and the surface of the ovary.

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

343
Q

What type of simple epithelia best suits this description:

The nuclei of a cell form a single row, are generally oval-shaped, more basal than apical in location, and their long axes lie parallel to the cells.

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

344
Q

This epithelium lines the stomach, intestines, and large ducts of some exocrine glands

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

345
Q

What epithelium lines the uterus and oviducts?

A

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

346
Q

This is also called as the false stratified epithelium

A

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

347
Q

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium are also known as ___

A

Respiratory epithelium

348
Q

This lines the larger passageways of the respiratory system (such as trachea and main bronchi)

A

Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium or Respiratory epithelium

349
Q

This layer is described as when a stratified squamous is dry

A

Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium

350
Q

This layer is described as when a stratified squamous is wet

A

Non-keratnized stratified squamous epithelium

351
Q

This is consists of two or three layers of cuboidal cells; often lines the larger ducts of some glands

A

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

352
Q

This has features that are combination of stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelia; unique to mammals

A

Transitional epithelium

353
Q

The urinary passages and urinary bladder are lined by which type of epithelium?

A

Transitional epithelium

354
Q

What are the type of apical modifications in the epithelium?

A

Microvilli
Flagella
Cilia
Stereocilia/Stereovilli

355
Q

An apical modification which contains actin filaments as its backbone. Its functions is to increase surface area of the epithelium

A

Microvilli

356
Q

An apical modification which is described as motile as they beat synchronously in one direction

A

Cilia

357
Q

Part of the cilia which consists of microtubules that run parallel to its long axis

A

Axoneme

358
Q

Part of the cilia where a cilium grows out and remains attached to even when already fully developed

A

Centriole/Basal Body

359
Q

An apical modification unique to spermatozoon

A

Flagella

360
Q

Like the cilia, the flagella grows out of a ___ to which it remains attached to even when already fully developed

A

Centriole/Basal Body

361
Q

These are apical modification which are simply microvilli that are long as cilia

A

Stereocilia/Sterovilli

362
Q

Motile or Non-Motile: Stereocilia

A

Non-Motile

363
Q

Motile or Non-Motile: Microvilli

A

Non-Motile

364
Q

Motile or Non-Motile: Cilia

A

Motile

365
Q

An apical modification that is a characteristic of the epithelial cells that line the ductus (vas) epididymis and ductus deferens

A

Stereocilia/Sterovilli

Module 1B (7 decks)

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