9 Epithelium Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four (4) distinct characteristics of epithelial tissues?
A
high cellularity, avascular, functional and morphological polarity,
and basal surface is attached to basement membrane
2
Q
The electron-luscent layer where the basal surfaces of epithelial
cells rest
A
Lamina Rara Externa
3
Q
The middle electron-dense layer made up of collagen type IV and
proteoglycans
A
Lamina Densa
4
Q
An electron-luscent layer of the basal lamina that is not always
present
A
Lamina Rara Interna
5
Q
What produces the basal lamina?
A
Epithelial Cells
6
Q
Layer of extracellular material which is thicker than the basal lamina
and is sandwiched between the basal lamina and underlying tissues
A
Lamina Fibroreticularis
7
Q
What produces the lamina fibroreticularis?
A
Fibroblasts
8
Q
The basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis are collectively referred
to as ___________
A
Basement Membrane
9
Q
Consists of a single layer of flattened cells whose nucleus occupies the
thickest part of the cells
A
Simple Squamous Epithelium
10
Q
Simple Squamous Epithelium are commonly found in these
strcutures
A
lung alveoli, parietal layer of the Bowman’s capsule in the
kidneys
11
Q
Consists of a single layer of cells whose height approximates their width
and with round and centrally-located nuclei
A
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
12
Q
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium are commonly found in these
strcutures
A
ducts of major salivary glands, pancreas, and collecting tubules
of the kidneys
13
Q
Consists of a single layer of tall cells which with oval-shaped and
basally-located nuclei forming a single row
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
14
Q
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium can be commonly found in these
strcutures
A
stomach, intestines
15
Q
A variant of simple columnar epithelium which consists of tall cells that all
rest on the basal lamina, forming only a single layer of cells despite their
“stratified” or multilayered appearance
A
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
16
Q
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium can be commonly found in these
strcutures
A
membranous and spongy part of the male urethra
17
Q
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium can be found in which
structures?
A
trachea, main bronchi
18
Q
What type of stratified epithelial tissue has an arrangement in which cells
in the most superficial layers are flat, while cells in the deeper layers are
cuboidal or columnar?
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
19
Q
What type of stratified squamous epithelium have cells in the superficial
layer are dead cells, anucleated, no organelles, and are impervious to
water?
A
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
20
Q
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found in the
____________
A
epidermis
21
Q
Thin sheet of amorphous extracellular material made up of glycoproteins,
collagen, and proteoglycans where basal surfaces of epithelial cells rest
A
Basal Lamina
22
Q
What type of stratified squamous epithelium have cells in the superficial
layer which are flattened but are still nucleated?
A
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
23
Q
Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium can be found in the
____________
A
oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, part of the urethra,
and superficial layer of the cornea
24
Q
What epithelium is an intermediate between stratified cuboidal and
stratified squamous epithelia, designed to withstand stretching, and lines
urinary passages?
A
Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)
25
What cells are sometimes binucleated and highly differentiated to protect
the underlying cells against the potentially cytotoxic effects of hypertonic
urine?
umbrella cells
26
Where can umbrella cells be found?
Transitional Epithelium (Urothelium)
27
Name the four (4) apical surface modifications of epithelial cells
microvilli, cilia, flagella, stereocilia/stereovilli
28
What are fingerlike cytoplasmic projections on the apical domain of the
cell, are non-motile, and increases the surface area of the epithelium?
Microvilli
29
What are motile hairlike extensions of the apical plasma membrane
containing an axoneme?
Cilia
30
What is found in the core of a cilium and consists of a pair of
centrally-located microtubules surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules?
Axoneme
31
What are non-motile, long cilia found in hair cells?
Kinocilia
32
Are simply long cilia
Flagella
33
Motile or Non-motile: Flagella
Motile
34
What kind of apical surface modification is found in spermatozoon
Flagella
35
The only cell type that possesses a flagellum in humans
spermatozoan
36
The main function is to propel the spermatozoon along the female genital tract
Flagella
37
The main function of flagella is to propel the __ along the female genital tract
spermatozoon
38
Are simply microvilli that are as long as cilia
Stereocilia/ stereovilli
39
Motile or Non-motile: Stereocilia/ stereovilli
Non-motile
40
What consists the core of Stereocilia/ stereovilli?
Actin filaments
41
What kind of apical surface modification is found in cells that line the ductus epididymis and ductus deferens (long tubes that convey sperm cells from the testes to the external environment)
Stereocilia/ stereovilli
42
Stereocilia/ stereovilli is found in cells that line the ___ and __
ductus epididymis
ductus deferens (long tubes that convey sperm cells from the testes to the external environment)
43
Present in hair cells of the inner ear that play a role in auditory and vestibular perception
Stereocilia/ stereovilli
44
Stereocilia/ stereovilli is present in hair cells of the ___ that play a role in auditory and vestibular perception
inner ear
45
Stereocilia/ stereovilli is present in hair cells of the inner ear that play a role in __ and __ perception
Auditory
vestibular
46
Apical surface modification: At the back of the set of cilia of stereocilia
Kinocilium
47
A long microvilli
Kinocilium
48
What is the purpose of Microvilli and Stereocilia/Stereovilli?
increase absorptive capacity of the cell
49
What is the core of Microvilli and Stereocilia/Stereovilli?
actin filaments
50
Motile or Non-motile: microvilli
Non-motile
51
Motile or Non-motile: Cilia
Motile
52
Motile or Non-motile: Flagella
Motile
53
It propels mucus to the nasopharynx
Cilia
54
It propels sperm cell
Flagella
55
Technically longer cilia but is non-motile
Kinocilia
56
Stereocilia absorbs excess fluids in the __
tubules
57
What are the apical surface modifications?
Microvilli
Cilia
Flagella
steriocilia/steriovilli
58
What are the lateral surface modifications?
Zonula occludens
Zonula adeherens
Desomosome/ Macula adherens
Gap junction
59
It is impermeable and allows epithelial cells to function as a barrier
Zonula occludens
60
Form the primary intercellular diffusion barrier between adjacent cells
Zonula occludens
61
The most apically situated of the junctional complexes
Zonula occludens
62
It prevent migration of lipids and specialized membrane proteins between the apical and lateral surfaces, thus maintaining the integrity of these 2 domains
Zonula occludens
63
There are 3 major groups of transmembrane proteins found in zonula occludens, these are:
Occludin
Claudin
Junction Adhesion Molecule (JAM)
64
Commonly altered or disrupted by bacteria to penetrate the epithelium
Zonula occludens
65
Protein which participates in maintaining the barrier between adjacent cells and between the apical and lateral domains
occludin
66
Form the backbone of each zonula occludens strand
claudin
67
A transmembrane protein found in zonula occludens:
Forms extracellular aqueous channels for paracellular passage of ions
Claudin
68
A transmembrane protein found in zonula occludens:
Protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF)
Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)
69
It is involved in the formation of occluding junctions in endothelial cells and between endothelial cells and monocytes migrating from the vascular space to the connective tissue
Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)
70
Located just below the Zonula Occludens
Zonula Adherens
71
lateral surface modifications:
Cell membranes of adjoining cells are very close to each other but neither adhere nor fuse
Zonula Adherens
72
In zonula adherens, cells are separated by narrow __ filled with extracellular material that binds the apposed cell membranes to each other
intercellular space
73
Reinforces the Zonula Occludens
intercellular space
74
composed of the transmembrane cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin
Zonula Adherens
75
Zonula Adherens is composed of the transmembrane cell adhesion molecule__
E-cadherin
76
The extracellular components of the E-cadherin molecules from adjacent cells are linked by ___
calcium ions
77
Zonula Adherens:
On the cytoplasmic side, the tail is bound to __, the resulting E-cadherin-complex binds to vinculin alpha actinin and is required for the interaction of cadherins with the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
catenin
78
Zonula Adherens:
On the cytoplasmic side, the tail is bound to catenin, the resulting E-cadherin-complex binds to ____ and is required for the interaction of cadherins with the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton
vinculin alpha actinin
79
Zonula Adherens:
Morphologic and functional integrity is __ dependent
calcium
80
Function as a master molecule in regulating cell adhesion, polarity, differentiation, migration, proliferation, and survival of epithelial cells
E-cadherin-catenin complex
81
Situated just below the zonula adherens and other areas on the lateral surface of epithelial cells
Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens
82
Form button-like or rivet-like adhesions arranged in a line around the cell
Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens
83
Desmosomes are Numerous on the ___ of the skin
epidermis
84
Major anchoring cell to cell junction that provides a strong attachment located at the lateral domain of the cells
Desmosomes/ Macula Adherens
85
Transmembrane glycoproteins that provide the linkage between the plasma membrane of adjacent cells
Desmogleins and Desmocollins
86
Form a zipper that connects adjacent cells
Desmogleins and Desmocollins
87
Disc-shaped structure attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane of each of the adjoining cells
Desmosomal attachment plaque
88
Anchors the intermediate filaments which has a role in dissipating physical forces
Desmosomal attachment plaque
89
In gap junction, Apposed plasma membranes of adjoining cells are provided with __
connexons
90
In __, Apposed plasma membranes of adjoining cells are provided with connexons
gap junction
91
multiple passageways which are dumbbell-shaped transmembrane proteins with a central opening (that closes and opens when needed)
connexons
92
Channels that permit flow of small molecules and exchange of ions between adjoining epithelial cells
gap junction
93
Permeable or impermeable: Zonula Occludens
impermeable
94
central molecular structure of E-cadherin form adjacent cells that are linked by __
calcium ions
95
E-Cadherin is __ dependent
Ca2+
96
one dumb bell-shaped structure that is the gap junction
Connexon
97
It prevents movement between apical and lateral domains
occludin
98
It provides pathway for ions
Claudin
99
associated proteins that interacts with the cell cytoskeleton binding actin filaments
ZO-1
100
__ will be able to penetrate the gastric mucosa, and destroy mucosa once zonula occludens is disrupted
Acid
101
Acid will be able to penetrate the ___, and destroy mucosa once zonula occludens is disrupted
gastric mucosa
102
Acid will be able to penetrate the gastric mucosa, and destroy mucosa once ___ is disrupted
zonula occludens
103
Hemidesmosomes are found in the ___ of the skin’s epidermis
stratum basale
104
Hemidesmosomes are found in the stratum basale of the skin’s __
epidermis
105
Structurally identical to half a desmosome
Hemidesmosomes
106
Helps anchor the epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina
Hemidesmosomes
107
Basal infoldings of the plasmalemma increases what?
absorbing capacity of a cell
108
It connects the basal lamina of the stratum basale
Hemidesmosomes
109
What bacteria produces enterotoxin?
Clostridium perfringens
110
What does the enterotoxin bind to?
Claudin molecules
111
What is the backbone of zonula occludens?
Claudin molecules
112
What pathway is involved in fluid movement into the small intestine lumen?
Paracellular
113
What condition does the fluid movement into the small intestine cause?
Dehydration
114
What toxin does Clostridium perfringens produce?
Enterotoxin
115
In the clinical correlation of food poisoning:
Binding to the claudin molecules prevents their incorporation into the ___ molecule, disrupting the normal structure
zonula occludens
116
What bacterium is associated with gastric ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
117
To which domain do H. pylori proteins bind?
Extracellular
118
Where is the H. pylori protein translocated?
Cytoplasm
119
Which signaling regulatory protein is targeted by H. pylori?
ZO-1 and Junctional Adhesion Molecule (JAM)
120
What barrier is disrupted by the targeting of ZO-1 and JAM?
Zonula occludens
121
What condition results from the disruption of the gastric mucosal barrier?
Gastric ulcer
122
What severe condition may develop from chronic irritation caused by H. pylori?
Gastric carcinoma
123
Secretory units that produce secretions
Glandular epithelium
124
glandular epithelium:
2 categories as to where their secretions are released:
Endocrine
Exocrine
125
Ductless type of glandular epithelium
Endocrine glands
126
How do endocrine glands deliver their secretions
Via the blood or lymph
127
Chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands that is carried by blood to target cells in organs or tissues which contain appropriate receptors for it
Hormones
128
Adrenal and thyroid glands are examples of __
Endocrine glands
129
An endocrine gland wherein individual epithelial cells secrete substances that do not reach the bloodstream but affects other cells within the same epithelium
Paracrine glands
130
A type of secretion wherein the secreted substances do not reach the bloodstream but affects other substances within the same epithelium
Paracrine secretion
131
How do substances secreted via paracrine secretions reach their target cells?
Via diffusuin through the extracellular space or immediately subjacent connective tissue
132
Exocrine glands are classified according to?
Mechanisms of Secretion and Number of Cells that Comprise the Gland
133
Different mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands
Merocrine/Eccrine, Apocrine, Holocrine
134
Most common mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands
Merocrine/Eccrine Secretion
135
A mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands wherein secretory product is delivered in membrane-bound vesicles to the apical domain of the cell
Merocrine/Eccrine Secretion
136
In merocrine/eccrine secretion, where do the membrane-bound vesicles containing the secretory products fuse or bind to?
Apical plasma membrane
137
How do the membrane-bound vesicles in merocrine/eccrine secretion extrude their contents?
Via exocytosis
138
Merocrine/Eccrine secretion is found in __
Pacreatic acinar cells
139
A mechanism of secretion by exocrine gland wherein secretory product is released in the apical part or domain of the cell surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm within an envelope of plasma membranes
Apocrine secretion
140
In apocrine secretion, where are secretory products released to?
Apical part or domain of the cell surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm within an envelope of plasma membranes
141
Apocrine secretion is found in _
Lactating mammary glands and ceruminous glands
142
A mechanism of secretion by exocrine glands wherein secretory product accumulates within the maturing cell which simultaneously undergoes programmed cell death
Holocrine secretion
143
Where do holocrine secretions release their products?
Lumen of the gland
144
Holocrine secretions include ___
Secretory product and cell debris
145
Holocrine secretion is found in __
Sebaceous glands of the skin
146
Classification of exocrine glands according to the number of cells that comprise the gland
Unicellular and Multicellular
147
A type of exocrine gland composed of a single cell
Unicellular
148
Unicellular exocrine gland is exemplified by _
Goblet cells in segments of digestive and respiratory tracts
149
In a photomicrograph, unicellular goblet cells stained with H&E appears __
Clear, cup-like cells that form part of the surface epithelium of an intestinal villus
150
A type of exocrine gland consisting of more than one cell
Multicellular
151
What are the different types of multicellular exocrine glands?
Secretory epithelial sheet, intraepithelial sheet, exocrine glands with ducts
152
Surface epithelium where most of the cells are secretory
Secretory epithelial sheet
153
Example of a secretory epithelial sheet
Ependyma
154
Simple cuboidal epithelium that lines the choroid plexus in the brain which produces CSF
Ependyma
155
Group of secretory cells in a surface epithelium that gather together around a small orifice that serve as a duct and forms shallow invagination within the epithelial surface
Intraepithelial glands
156
Example of intraepithelial glands
Epithelium lining the penile urethra (lacunae of morgagni/Littre's glands
157
Glands that possess TRUE ducts
Exocrine glands with ducts
158
In exocrine glands with ducts, secretory units which lie ___ are connected to ___
underneath the epithelium; epithelial surfaces
159
A multicellular exocrine gland wherein secretions are delivered to the surfaces of epithelium via a duct or system of ducts
Exocrine glands with ducts
160
Exocrine glands with ducts are further classified according to?
Morphology
161
What are the classifications of exocrine glands with ducts according to morphology?
Simple and compound
162
Different types of simple glands
Simple tubular, coiled tubular, branched tubular, alveolar/acinar, and branched acinar/alveolar
163
Different types of compound glands
Compound tubular, acinar, tubuloacinar
164
A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts having a secretory portion in a straight tube formed by the secretory cells (goblet cells)
Simple tubular
165
Simple tubular glands are typically located in
Large intestine, intestinal glands of the colon
166
A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts composed of the secretory portion located deep in the dermis
Simple coiled tubular
167
Simple coiled tubular glands are typically located in
Skin, eccrine sweat gland
168
A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts with wide secretory portion formed by the secretory cells and produce a viscous mucous secretion
Simple branched tubular
169
Simple branched tubular glands are typically located in
Stomach, mucus-secreting glands of the pylorus, uterus, endometrial glands
170
A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts that develop as an outpouching of the transitional epithelium and are formed by a single layer of secretory cells
Simple acinar
171
A simple type of exocrine gland with ducts with secretory portions formed by mucus-secreting cells, the short, single-duct portion opens directly into the lumen
Simple branched acinar
172
A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with coiled secretory portions located deep in the submucosa of the duodenum
Compound tubular
173
A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with alveolar-shaped secretory units formed by pyramid-shaped serous-secreting cells
Compound acinar
174
A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts having both mucous branched tubular and serous branched acinar secretory units and serous end-caps (demilunes)
Compound tubuloacinar
175
What are the serous end-caps found in compound tubuloacinar called?
Demilunes
176
Single, straight, tubular lumen into which the secretory products are discharged
Simple tubular glands
177
What are the cells comprising the simple tubular glands?
Secretory and ductal cells
178
What type of gland are Crypts of Lieverkuhn (intestinal glands)?
Simple tubular glands
179
Single tube that is tightly coiled in three dimensions
Simple coiled tubular glands
180
Have a terminal secretory portion lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, which gives way to a non-secretory (excretory) duct D lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium
Sweat glands
181
What type of glands are sweat glands?
Simple coiled tubular
182
The terminal secretory portion of the sweat gland is lined by what type of epithelial tissue
Simple cuboidal epithelium
183
The non-secretory duct of the sweat gland is lined by what type of epithelial tissue
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
184
A simple type of exocrine glands with ducts wherein each glands consists of several tubular secretory portions, which converge onto a single unbranched duct of wider diameter
Simple branched tubular
185
Simple branched tubular glands contain mucus secreting cells that do not possess a _ shape
Goblet shape
186
What type of gland are cardiac glands in the stomach?
Simple branched tubular
187
What type of gland is the pyloric part of the stomach?
Simple branched tubular
188
A simple type of exocrine glands with ducts consisting of several secretory acini that empty into a single excretory duct
Simple branched acinar/alveolar
189
The excretory duct of simple branched acinar/alveolar glands is formed by what type of epithelial tissue
Stratified epithelium
190
The stratified epithelium forming the excretory duct of simple branched acinar/alveolar glands surrounds the __
Hair shaft
191
What mechanism of secretion is exhibited by the simple branched acinar/alveolar?
Holocrine secretion
192
What type of gland are the sebaceous glands of the skin?
Simple branched acinar/alveolar
193
What are the cells comprising the compound glands?
Secretory and ductal cells
194
A compound type of exocrine glands with ducts characterized by a branched duct sustem and tubular, branched, and coiled secretory portions
Compound tubular glands
195
What type of gland are the Brunner's glands in the duodenum?
Compound tubular glands
196
A compound type of exocrine glands with ducts characterized by a branched duct system and alveolar secretory portions
Compiund alveolar/acini glands
197
What type of gland are the pancreas?
Compound alveolar/acini
198
A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts having 3 secretory units (branched tubular, branched acinar, branched tubulular with acinar end-pieces)
Compound tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar
199
What are the 3 secretory units seen in compound tubuloalveolar/tubuloacinar glands?
Branched tubular, branched acinar, and branched tubular with acinar and end-pieces (demilunes)
200
A compound type of exocrine gland with ducts with a branched duct system and acinar secretory portions
Compound acinar glands
201
What type of gland are major salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, and sublingual)?
Compound acinar glands
202
What are the major salivary glands?
Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands
203
Secretory cells, acini, and exocrine glands are classified according to?
Nature of secretion
204
What are the classifications of secretory cells, acini, and exocrine glands according to nature of secretion?
Mucous secreting and secreting
205
Type of cells producing mucus
Mucous cells
206
What is the function of mucus?
Protect and lubricate covering epithelia
207
Glands with secretory units consisting EXCLUSIVELY of MUCOUS ALVEOLI
Mucous glands
208
Cells that produce thin water secretion that often contain enzymes
Serous cells
209
Crescentic cap-like structures at the periphery of a mixed alveoli formed by serous cells
Serous demilunes of Gianuzzi
210
Major salivary gland with purely serous secretions
Parotid
211
Major salivary gland with more serous than mucous secretions and also contains demilunes
Submandibular
212
Major salivary gland with more mucous than serous secretions and also contains demilunes
Sublingual
213
Two structures that make up the renal corpuscles.
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
214
It is a ball-like structure consisting of capillaries, mesangial matrix, and glomerular mesangial cells.
Glomerulus
215
A double-walled sac that surrounds the glomerulus
Bowman's capsule
216
What type of epithelium constitutes the parietal layer of the Bowman's capsule?
Simple squamous epithelium.
217
These surrounds the renal corpuscles which vary in shape and diameter.
Hollow tubular structures (tubes)
218
What type of epithelium lines the endocardium?
Simple squamous epithelium.
219
This simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart and blood vessels is termed the _______.
Endothelium
220
These are modified cardiac muscle cells.
Purkinje fibers
221
What type of epithelium lines the fundus?
Simple columnar epithelium
222
TRUE OR FALSE: The fundus contains both simple tubular and simple branched tubular glands.
TRUE
223
What type of epithelium is seen in thick skin?
Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
224
TRUE OR FALSE: The most superficial layer of the epidermis consists of dead cells
True
225
What type of gland is the sweat gland?
Simple Coiled Tubular Glands
226
The sweat gland is a/an _____ gland by nature of secretion, and a/an _______ gland by mode of secretion.
Serous; Merocrine
227
TRUE OR FALSE: The sweat gland is an example of a simple branched alveolar gland.
FALSE; it is a simple coiled tubular gland
228
TRUE OR FALSE: The skin of the scalp consists of both sweat and sebaceous glands.
TRUE
229
Morpholigically, sweat gland is a ______________; sebaceous gland is a _____________.
SWEAT GLAND: Simple Coiled Tubular Gland; SEBACEOUS GLAND: Simple Branched Alveolar Gland
230
The sebaceous gland is ______ gland per mode of secretion
Holocrine
231
A highly coiled, tubular structure that is a segment of the excretory duct of the testes
ductus epididymis
232
the luminal surface of the ductus epididymis is lined with what type of epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
233
what type of surface modification is present on the apical surface of epithelium of the ductus epididymis as pointed by the black arrow?
stereocilia
234
motile surface modification also known as kinocilia that are present on the apical surfaces of cells specialized for transport of fluid or mucus over the surface of the epithelium
cilia
235
short, fingerlike, and non-motile extensions or processes of the plasma membrane that protrude from the apical surface of cells
microvilli
236
what are the surface modifications that are motile and are merely long cilia present only in the spermatozoa in humans
flagella
237
non-motile surface moifications that consists of actin filaments that are simply microvilli that is as long as a cilia
stereocilia / stereovilli
238
a type of epithelium with several layers of cells resembling non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium but with a superficial layer that are cuboidal and dome-shaped
transitional epithelium
239
the epithelium of the choroid plexus is also called ependyma, which is a secretory epithelium sheet which produces a serous secretion known as
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
240
It is a compound tubuloalveolar gland that is also known as the Submaxillary gland
Submandibular Gland
241
Identify the gland in the figure.
Submandibular Gland (Aka Submaxillary Gland
242
Under low magnification, the submandibular gland consists mainly of ___ (has 2 types: Serous and Mucuous)
Acini or alveoli
243
Under high magnification acini, the serous acini consists of ___
Serous cells (It has basophilic cytoplasm and centrally located round nuclei)
244
Under high magnification, how can you identify purely mucous acini in a gland?
Far and fewer
245
What are the characteristics of acini under high magnification where purely mucous acini are fewer and far between the gland?
Mucous cells that have pale staining
Displaced nuclei to the basal region of the cells
246
What type of cells are present in mixed alveoli?
Mucous and serous cells
247
What do you call the mixed alveoli that have serous cells arranged to form crescentic caps?
Serous Demilunes (of Gianuzzi)
248
Where is Serous Demilunes (of Gianuzzi) located?
Periphery of the alveoli
249
This stucture (under low magnification) have bigger lumen than secretory units and are seen mostly in cross and oblique sections.
Ducts (Lining epithelium vary depending on the caliber of the duct)
250
Enumerate the epithelial linings that can be found in ducts.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
251
What are flattened cells with darkly-stained fusiform nucelus?
Myoepithelial cells
252
What type of gland is parotid gland?
Compound Tubuloalveolar
253
The secretory unit of parotid gland is composed of ___
Serous Cells
254
Where are the myopeithelial cells should only be located?
Alveoli and ducts
255
What cells are arranged into clusters and irregular cord in endocrine glands like the pituitary gland?
Epithelial cells
256
What do the clusters in pituitary gland contain?
Red blood cells
257
What do you call small blood vessels in white spaces or the irregular lumen in the pituitary gland?
Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)
258
simplest cell to cell attachments that consists of finger-like cytoplasmic processes
interdigitation
259
4 types of specialized intercellular junctions that are visible under the electron microscope
zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosome, and gap junction
260
a type of junctional complex that are designed to keep adjacent cells toget
zonula occludens
261
2 types of junctions complex that ensures that substances can enter or exit the underlying tissue by passing through
zonula adherents and desmosomes
262
a type of junction that enables adjacent cells to communicate with each other
gap junctions
263
zonula occludens and zonula adherens are collectively referred to as ____.
juxtaluminal junctional complex or terminal bar
264
what types of junctional complexes are present on simple cuboidal epthilial cells and simple columnar epithelial cells?
zonula occludens, zonula adherens, desmosome, and gap junction
265
this is known as the tight junction and is situated at the apical portion of the junctional complexes
zona occludens
266
this type of junctional complex is located below the zona occludens
zona adherens
267
2 types of junctional complex that forms a band around the epithelial cells
zona adherens and zona occludens
268
the type of junctional complex that forms button-like or rivet-like adhesions in a linear arrangement around the cell
desmosome
269
____ are numerous in the epidermis of the skin, where they are the only types of junctional complex present.
desmosomes
270
Gap junctions enable adjacent cells to exchange ions and small molecules because ____ of adjoining epithelial cells are aligned and continuous with each other
connexons
271
2 types of basal surface modification
hemidesmosome and basal infoldings of the plasmalemma
272
what is the main function of hemidesmosome
it helps anchor epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina
273
what is the main function of basal infoldings of the plasmalemma
it increases rhe absorbing capacity of a cell
274
Most endocrine glands arise in the ____ as invagination or evagination of the covering epithelium of body cavities.
embryo
275
These are chemical substances that are carried by the blood to the organs or tissues toward the target cells with an appropriate receptor
hormones
276
the unicellular gland of the exocrine glands are exemplified by the ____.
goblet cells
277
what are the 3 categories of the multicellular gland of the exocrine gland?
secretory epithelial sheets, intraepithelial glands, and glands
278
Exocrine glands with ducts consists of glands that possess ____ ducts
TRUE
279
Exocrine glands with ducts arise as ____ of surface epithelia.
invaginations
280
2 types of classification of exocrine glands with ducts
simple gland and compound gland
281
what are the 5 types of simple endocrine glands with ducts
simple tubular, simple coiled tubular, simple branched tubular, simple alveolar, simple branched alveolar
282
what types of secretory units are found in exocrine glands?
blind-ending tubes and globular-basket-like structures
283
what type of secretory units are found in the tubular gland
secretory tubules
284
what type of secretory units are found in the alveolar gland
acini
285
what type of gland wherein secretory portions are both tubular and some are globular
tubuloalveolar gland
286
what are the 3 types of compound exocrine glands
compound tubular, compound alveolar, and compound tubuloalveolar
287
what type of exocrine gland is found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?
simple tubular
288
what type of exocrine gland is found in the cardiac glands in the stomach?
simple branched tubular
289
what type of exocrine gland is found in the sweat glands?
simple coiled tubular
290
what type of exocrine gland is found in the sebaceous gland?
simple branched alveolar
291
what type of exocrine gland is found in the Brunner’s glands?
compound coiled tubular glands
292
what type of exocrine gland is found in the major salivary glands?
compound tubuloalveolar glands
293
secretory cells that produce viscous secretions that contains mucin
mucous cells
294
this substance is rich in glycoprotein that when hydrated, it forms into mucus
mucin
295
what is the primary function of mucus
protects and lubricates the covering epithelia
296
what type of secretory cell that produces thin, watery secretions that contains enzymes
serous cells
297
Secretory units of exocrine glands that consist entirely of mucous cells
mucus alveoli
298
Secretory units of exocrine glands that consists exclusively of serous cells
serous alveoli
299
Secretory units of exocrine glands that contains both mucous and serous cells
mixed alveoli
300
a structure found in the submandibular gland that resembles crescentic caps at the periphery of the alveoli
demilunes (of Gianuzzi)
301
Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists exclusively of serous alveoli
serous glands
302
Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists exclusively of mucous alveoli
mucous glands
303
Exocrine glands whose secretory units consists of mucous and serous alveoli
mixed glands
304
Type of exocrine gland whose secretory cells release their secretion by exocytosis
merocrine glands
305
Organs that utilize merocrine glands
major salivary glands and exocrine portion of pancreas
306
Type of exocrine gland whose secretory cells are destroyed, while the remnants and secretions are discharged by the gland
holocrine glands
307
An example that utilize the holocrine glands
sebaceous glands of the skin
308
Type of exocrine gland whose apical part of the secretory cells are release along with their secretory product
apocrine glands
309
organs that utilize the apocrine glands
ceruminous glands of the skin and the extrenal auditory meatus
310
a type of cells that are Flattened, stellate cells that are present between epithelial cells and basal lamina
myoepithelial cells
311
myoepithelial cells are present in what organs
sweat glands, mammary glands, lacrimal glands, major salivary glands
312
In these tissues, epithelial cells are arranged into clusters and irregular cord
Pituitary gland
313
The clusters of the pituitary gland are separated by which structure?
Irregular lumen
314
The small spaces in the pituitary gland are the blood vessels. What is the specific blood vessel type present in the pituitary gland?
Sinusoidal capillaries
315
Sinusoidal capillaries of the pituitary gland are lined by ____
Endothelium
316
This is a characteristic of the epithelial cell stating that there are no blood vessels found between the cells
Avascular
317
___ and ___ are used to determine the basal, lateral and superficial surfaces of the epithelium
Cytoplasmic Organelles and Surface Modifications
318
Epithelial tissues are the only basic tissue derived from how many embryonic germ layers?
3
319
What are the three (3) embryonic germ layers?
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm
320
On which embryonic germ layer do Epithelium covering external surfaces of body and some parts of the GI tract were differentiated from?
Ectoderm
321
Other parts of the digestive tract, the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder and urethra were differentiated from which embryonic germ layer?
Endoderm
322
This embryonic germ layer gives rise to the cardiovascular system epithelia, serous cavities, and urinary system with exception of the bladder and urethra
Mesoderm
323
This is a thin sheet of amorphous extracellular material where the basal or deepest epithelial layer rest on
Basal Lamina
324
The basal lamina is usually thin, but in which areas is the basal lamina thicker?
Glomerulus in Kidneys
325
What are the three layers of the basal lamina?
Lamina rara externa
Lamina densa
Lamina rara interna
326
True or False: The basal lamina is synonymous to the basement membrane
False
The basement membrane is a collective term for the basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis
327
Layer of the basal lamina which is mentioned to be the outermost layer and where the basal cells are rested.
Lamina rara externa
328
The Lamina rara externa is primarily made up of ___ and ___
Laminin and Proteoglycans
329
The Lamina densa is primarily made up of ___ and ___
Type IV collagen and proteoglycans
330
The Lamina rara interna is primarily made up of ___, ____, ____, and ____
collagen type VII, fibronectin, thrombospondin, and proteoglycans
331
This is a collective term for the basal lamina and lamina fibroreticularis
Basement membrane
332
True or False: Lamina fibroreticularis can only be found in epithelial tissues
True
333
This refers to tissue that covers the external surfaces
Surface epithelium
334
Refers to tissue specialized in elaborating (synthesize; produce) and releasing (secrete) macromolecule
Glandular epithelium
335
Surface epithelia are categorized based on the number of cell layers formed: Single layer
Simple Epithelial tissue
336
Surface epithelia are categorized based on the number of cell layers formed: >1 layer
Stratified Epithelial tissue
337
Single layer of flattened cells wherein the nuclei of the cells occupy the thickest part of the cells
Simple Epithelial tissue
338
Dye that is best used to observe the cells in simple squamous epithelium
Silver dye
339
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the serous cavities of the body (such as pericardium, peritoneum, and pleura)
Mesothelium
340
Simple squamous epithelium that lines the luminal surface of the heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
Endothelium
341
Single layer of cells wherein cells are equally as tall as they are wide
Simple cuboidal epithelium
342
Type of simple epithelium that is present in certain segments of the ducts of the major salivary glands and the pancreas, collecting tubules of the kidney, some follicles of the thyroid gland, and the surface of the ovary.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
343
What type of simple epithelia best suits this description:
The nuclei of a cell form a single row, are generally oval-shaped, more basal than apical in location, and their long axes lie parallel to the cells.
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
344
This epithelium lines the stomach, intestines, and large ducts of some exocrine glands
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
345
What epithelium lines the uterus and oviducts?
Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
346
This is also called as the false stratified epithelium
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
347
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium are also known as ___
Respiratory epithelium
348
This lines the larger passageways of the respiratory system (such as trachea and main bronchi)
Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium or Respiratory epithelium
349
This layer is described as when a stratified squamous is dry
Keratinized Stratified Squamous epithelium
350
This layer is described as when a stratified squamous is wet
Non-keratnized stratified squamous epithelium
351
This is consists of two or three layers of cuboidal cells; often lines the larger ducts of some glands
STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
352
This has features that are combination of stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal epithelia; unique to mammals
Transitional epithelium
353
The urinary passages and urinary bladder are lined by which type of epithelium?
Transitional epithelium
354
What are the type of apical modifications in the epithelium?
Microvilli
Flagella
Cilia
Stereocilia/Stereovilli
355
An apical modification which contains actin filaments as its backbone. Its functions is to increase surface area of the epithelium
Microvilli
356
An apical modification which is described as motile as they beat synchronously in one direction
Cilia
357
Part of the cilia which consists of microtubules that run parallel to its long axis
Axoneme
358
Part of the cilia where a cilium grows out and remains attached to even when already fully developed
Centriole/Basal Body
359
An apical modification unique to spermatozoon
Flagella
360
Like the cilia, the flagella grows out of a ___ to which it remains attached to even when already fully developed
Centriole/Basal Body
361
These are apical modification which are simply microvilli that are long as cilia
Stereocilia/Sterovilli
362
Motile or Non-Motile: Stereocilia
Non-Motile
363
Motile or Non-Motile: Microvilli
Non-Motile
364
Motile or Non-Motile: Cilia
Motile
365
An apical modification that is a characteristic of the epithelial cells that line the ductus (vas) epididymis and ductus deferens
Stereocilia/Sterovilli
