9 Environmental of aviation

Question 1

CASO

Answer 1

CASO: Civil Aviation Safety officer

Question 2

FOCA

Answer 2

FOCA: Federal officer civil aviation

The FOCA can delegate to qualified institutions/organizations

Question 3

ArCS

Answer 3

ArCS: Aeroclub of Switzerland

Question 4

Politicial development in aviation

Answer 4

Question 5

Cooperation amon international aviation authorities

Answer 5

Question 6

FAA

EASA

Answer 6

FAA: federal aviation authority
EASA: European aviation safety agency

Question 7

Main topics of aviation politics

Answer 7

safety (safe issue because always more important)

fair market (competition vs. monopolies, basic conditions, e.g. emirates don’t pay taxed, lower airport fees, less salary than swiss)

access of Switzerland to world (we ne access because if there is not companies goes where they have access)

Negative effects (noise, emission)

Question 8

Dangers

Answer 8

Pressures

experts won’t be listenes

lost of knowledge

Question 9

Series of accidents from 1998 to 2002 (of swiss arilines)

Answer 9

CRX498 near Nassenwil, after take-off in Zurich !
CRX3597 near Bassersdorf, on the final approach to Zurich ! Collision of the B757 and /154M over Überlingen !

Question 10

accidents and heavy incidients are system failues

to imporove safety, the following questions are raised:

Answer 10

not primary:

• which single causes or cause chains did lead the the accident
• what part, what component or wat person did possibly fail
• who is responsible for the failure or what are penal aspects

but rather

• why did the system fail
• why wasn’t the system able to detect the falure or to prevent it, before the failure happened

respective

• what can be done the create a system which is snsensible toward failures and sesitent against accientents

Question 11

To importove safety actions were taken

Answer 11

LUPO-Report
NLR-Report (Dutch aviation office)

Conclusion:

• New aviation education system
• New aviation Law in CH

Question 12

two fair market (competition)

Answer 12

two sides market of airports

• arilines (competitive market)
• passengers (natural monopolies)

Basic conditions

• differences in EUrope

Question 13

Accest of Switzerland to the world

Answer 13

• direct vs. indirect connections

Question 14

nagative effects of aviation

Answer 14

noise emission around the airport

• bilateral agreement with neighboring countries

emissions

• participation in an EU ETS vs. Swiss ETS
• participation in the discussion about the global ETS

ETS emission traiding system

Question 15

economic crisis and aviation

Answer 15

during economic crisis people switched to emirates because they offer economy prices for business seats

Question 16

economic importance of civil aviation

Answer 16

58 Mio Jobs worldwide

8% of global GSP!

5 % average growth per year !

2.9 bill. Passengers per year !

35% of the exported total value is shipped by air !

Question 17

the causal relationship between air service liberalization and economic growth

Answer 17

1. liberalization / deregulation
2. new and better air service (alliances, low cost carriers)
3. traffic growth
4. economic grwoth
5. job growth

Question 18

airline alliance in Europe in the year 2005

Answer 18

Skyteam: IT, FR, NL, BE

Star alliance: CH, AUT, DE, PL, SW, NOR, SLO, CZ

oneworld: SP, PT, UK. IRE, FIN

Swiss thank to the star alliance could offer destiantion operated by partner airlines

Question 19

ecological development

Answer 19

if you emit at 1000 m you emit up the cloulds

Question 20

Europe - low cost airlines (development)

Answer 20

1996 - only a few airlines transported in the low cost market segment (804 per week, 18 airports)

2001 - the low cost market segment of europe still waited to expend drastically

2006 - more than 570 aircraft transport Europe’s low cost market segment (261 airpots, 1748 per week)

Question 21

termperature is chainging

if temperature is change there a impacts:

Answer 21

sea level rise threatens major cities

falling crop yeands

small glaciers disappear

rising number of species face exinstion

significant decreases in water availablity in many areas

Question 22

Global share of CO2 emission

Answer 22

electricity and heat generation 29%

land use change and forestry 16%

manufacturing and construction 15%

road transport 14%

other emission from fuel 12%

residential buildings 6%

industrial processes 3%

other transport 3%

commercial air transport 2%

Question 23

constobution of aviation to climate change is expected to growth, but from a very low base

Answer 23

in 2004 aviation accounted fro around 1.5-3% of global carbon emissions

UK forecasts succest that the UK’s combined domestic and interantional aviation emission could account for up to one-quarter of the UK’s contribution to global warming by 2030

in the EU, carbon dioxide emission from aviation were 3% of total emission in 2001 - some 68% higher than 1990

Question 24

the stern report developed a 3 pillars policy framework (climate change)

Answer 24

carbon pricing (make travel more expensive)

why?

• carbon imporoses an external cost on society which users should fare

how?

• throught taxation, emission trading, or implicitly throught regulation

technology policy (incentivizing new technologies)

why?

• there are barriers to the development of celan technologies which policty is required to overcome

how?

• R&D support, technology standards, information sharing, deployment support

Remove other barriers (incentivizing changes in behavior)

why?

• information failure and financial constrains may inhibint behavoiral change

how?

• infomraiton provision, loans, ..

action should be international

the 3 pillars should be complemented by action to change attitudes to climate change

Question 25

CO2 pricing: emission trading incread of tax

Answer 25

airlines receive a specific amount of tons of CO2 emission, which they can use per year

if they need more they can buy more from other airlines, which have CO2 emission allowances in excess

–> airlines with more efficiency, more econogical planes need less CO2 emission allowances and call sell what they don’t need

–> airlines are motivated to invest in environmentally friendly planes

Question 26

Technical development: larger airplanes

Answer 26

ball: most efficient from = largest volume with smallest furface –> the more volume, the smalles the proportion of the surface.

use of kerosene would be smallest with a ball

efficiency of an airplane increases with increasing size

Question 27

airplanes of the future

Answer 27

• integration of passengers cabins and cargo room in the wing
• flay by wire and electronic CG-controlling
• wingspam up to 100 meters
• up to 1500 passengers transport capacity
• power throught several large fan-blower
• fuel: kerosene and maybe thermo-electrc power (current), hydrogen
• noise reduction by shorter take-off runs with help of acceleration helps (e-g- catapults, start tractors)
• no passenger windows anymore for the benefit of weight decrease (replaced by monitors)

Question 28

social factors of aviation

positive and negative

Answer 28

Positive

• connectivity, s
• ocial intercultural interaction
• time savings

nagative

• noise and health impact (a lot was done about less aircraft noise, always less ares han influence by noise)

Question 29

assumptions on base of studies for the case of zurich

Answer 29

average fligt time: 4.2 hours

average travel: 3000 km

40% business / 60 Leisure

average time values: CHF 74.30 / hour