9 Environmental of aviation Flashcards
CASO
CASO: Civil Aviation Safety officer
FOCA
FOCA: Federal officer civil aviation
The FOCA can delegate to qualified institutions/organizations
ArCS
ArCS: Aeroclub of Switzerland
Politicial development in aviation
Cooperation amon international aviation authorities
FAA
EASA
FAA: federal aviation authority
EASA: European aviation safety agency
Main topics of aviation politics
safety (safe issue because always more important)
fair market (competition vs. monopolies, basic conditions, e.g. emirates don’t pay taxed, lower airport fees, less salary than swiss)
access of Switzerland to world (we ne access because if there is not companies goes where they have access)
Negative effects (noise, emission)
Dangers
Pressures
experts won’t be listenes
lost of knowledge
Series of accidents from 1998 to 2002 (of swiss arilines)
CRX498 near Nassenwil, after take-off in Zurich !
CRX3597 near Bassersdorf, on the final approach to Zurich ! Collision of the B757 and /154M over Überlingen !
accidents and heavy incidients are system failues
to imporove safety, the following questions are raised:
not primary:
- which single causes or cause chains did lead the the accident
- what part, what component or wat person did possibly fail
- who is responsible for the failure or what are penal aspects
but rather
- why did the system fail
- why wasn’t the system able to detect the falure or to prevent it, before the failure happened
respective
- what can be done the create a system which is snsensible toward failures and sesitent against accientents
To importove safety actions were taken
LUPO-Report
NLR-Report (Dutch aviation office)
Conclusion:
- New aviation education system
- New aviation Law in CH
two fair market (competition)
two sides market of airports
- arilines (competitive market)
- passengers (natural monopolies)
Basic conditions
- differences in EUrope
Accest of Switzerland to the world
- direct vs. indirect connections
nagative effects of aviation
noise emission around the airport
- bilateral agreement with neighboring countries
emissions
- participation in an EU ETS vs. Swiss ETS
- participation in the discussion about the global ETS
ETS emission traiding system
economic crisis and aviation
during economic crisis people switched to emirates because they offer economy prices for business seats
economic importance of civil aviation
58 Mio Jobs worldwide
8% of global GSP!
5 % average growth per year !
2.9 bill. Passengers per year !
35% of the exported total value is shipped by air !
the causal relationship between air service liberalization and economic growth
- liberalization / deregulation
- new and better air service (alliances, low cost carriers)
- traffic growth
- economic grwoth
- job growth
airline alliance in Europe in the year 2005
Skyteam: IT, FR, NL, BE
Star alliance: CH, AUT, DE, PL, SW, NOR, SLO, CZ
oneworld: SP, PT, UK. IRE, FIN
Swiss thank to the star alliance could offer destiantion operated by partner airlines
ecological development
if you emit at 1000 m you emit up the cloulds
Europe - low cost airlines (development)
1996 - only a few airlines transported in the low cost market segment (804 per week, 18 airports)
2001 - the low cost market segment of europe still waited to expend drastically
2006 - more than 570 aircraft transport Europe’s low cost market segment (261 airpots, 1748 per week)
termperature is chainging
if temperature is change there a impacts:
sea level rise threatens major cities
falling crop yeands
small glaciers disappear
rising number of species face exinstion
significant decreases in water availablity in many areas
Global share of CO2 emission
electricity and heat generation 29%
land use change and forestry 16%
manufacturing and construction 15%
road transport 14%
other emission from fuel 12%
residential buildings 6%
industrial processes 3%
other transport 3%
commercial air transport 2%
constobution of aviation to climate change is expected to growth, but from a very low base
in 2004 aviation accounted fro around 1.5-3% of global carbon emissions
UK forecasts succest that the UK’s combined domestic and interantional aviation emission could account for up to one-quarter of the UK’s contribution to global warming by 2030
in the EU, carbon dioxide emission from aviation were 3% of total emission in 2001 - some 68% higher than 1990
the stern report developed a 3 pillars policy framework (climate change)
carbon pricing (make travel more expensive)
why?
- carbon imporoses an external cost on society which users should fare
how?
- throught taxation, emission trading, or implicitly throught regulation
technology policy (incentivizing new technologies)
why?
- there are barriers to the development of celan technologies which policty is required to overcome
how?
- R&D support, technology standards, information sharing, deployment support
Remove other barriers (incentivizing changes in behavior)
why?
- information failure and financial constrains may inhibint behavoiral change
how?
- infomraiton provision, loans, ..
action should be international
the 3 pillars should be complemented by action to change attitudes to climate change
CO2 pricing: emission trading incread of tax
airlines receive a specific amount of tons of CO2 emission, which they can use per year
if they need more they can buy more from other airlines, which have CO2 emission allowances in excess
–> airlines with more efficiency, more econogical planes need less CO2 emission allowances and call sell what they don’t need
–> airlines are motivated to invest in environmentally friendly planes
Technical development: larger airplanes
ball: most efficient from = largest volume with smallest furface –> the more volume, the smalles the proportion of the surface.
use of kerosene would be smallest with a ball
efficiency of an airplane increases with increasing size
airplanes of the future
- integration of passengers cabins and cargo room in the wing
- flay by wire and electronic CG-controlling
- wingspam up to 100 meters
- up to 1500 passengers transport capacity
- power throught several large fan-blower
- fuel: kerosene and maybe thermo-electrc power (current), hydrogen
- noise reduction by shorter take-off runs with help of acceleration helps (e-g- catapults, start tractors)
- no passenger windows anymore for the benefit of weight decrease (replaced by monitors)
social factors of aviation
positive and negative
Positive
- connectivity, s
- ocial intercultural interaction
- time savings
nagative
- noise and health impact (a lot was done about less aircraft noise, always less ares han influence by noise)
assumptions on base of studies for the case of zurich
average fligt time: 4.2 hours
average travel: 3000 km
40% business / 60 Leisure
average time values: CHF 74.30 / hour
