3 past present future Flashcards
definition of transport revolution
big change of mobility behavior within a society. technology that allowed that changes.
substantial change in society’s transport activity:
- moving people
- moving freight
- of both
that occurs in less that 25 years
dimension of mobility change
scale: people and freight move farther
speed
Efficiency: usually fuel efficiency, something other. Around 30% of the total cost of a flight is fuel. goal of every airline= reduce fuel costs.
Accessibility: who affect if GA is going to be more expensive? if you increase the transport cost you affect the pope that cannot afford to life new to the center. (economic and social)
Transport revolution in human history - Paleolithic
from ca 700’000 BP: first migration of hominids from africa
from ca 100’000 BP: frist migration of modern humans from africa
from ca 60’000: first migration by sea to Australasia
Transport revolution in human history - Agrarian
From ca 4000 BCE: final powered transport
from ca. 3500 BCE: Wheeled transport
from ca. 1500 BCE : long-distance ship in Polynesia
1st millennium BCE: state-build roads and canals
Modern
1st millennium CE: improvements in shipbuilding, navigation
form early 19th century: railways and steamship
from late 19th century: internal combustion engines
from early 20th century: air travel
from mid 20th century: space travel
Britain’s railway revolution
1830-1850
technological stage
steam locomotives (horse coaches could not compete with the railway on either speed or price)
Economy: industrial revolution and colonial trade
Business model: moving masses of people and freight by train over long distances
–> considerable growth of freight
farter mobility was needed
competition in transport was wanted (ships were monopolies)
increased value of farming products, if they can be moved faster (landowner provided land for railways)
lower prices for shipping - less time sensitive shipments were attached
buses became more local instead of intercity operations
Motorization in the USA
1939-1945
individualization by motorization
technology: automatic gearbox
economy: WW2
Business model: to produce a car for everybody (civilian auto production picked up because more americans were working in military production and thus earrings the means to purchase cars)
before WW2 USA government was investing a lot in electric cars
Limited civilian automobile production & restricted use of cars in WW2
car assembly lines were retrofit dot produce war material
petrol rationing from 1942
car sharing was promoted
rail and bus travel increase while car trave decreased.
transatlantic travel
1949-1974
intercontinental mobility
internationalization
“political stage”
Technology: commercial jet planes
Economy: continous rapid growth
Business model: national flag-carriers increasing continental and intercontinental network.
intercontinental routes and continental “raster-networks”
Transatlantic Travel: Air vs. Sea
- since 1957 more people cross the Atlantic by air then by sea
- advances in aviation technology in WWII set the stage for intercontinental air transport
- ships had been the first low cost carriers in intercontinental trave in tourist cabins
- aircraft productivity was imported, as the 7-8 hour flight time between Europa and USA would enable return flights within 24 hours
- Cruise lines had emerged in tourism
high speed rail revolution
1960 - 1985
stage: high speed rail revolution
Technology: high speed rail
economic growth
business model: moving people by train over long distances as fast as possible
environmental issues are recognized in transport
travelers were traveling more by car & plane. Government supported new rail technology
new high speed trains focused on niche markets, not to serve all mobility needs
the Japanese Shinkansen concept has proven to be a transport revolution
France was the second country with high speed train
the high speed train revolution reveals the capacity of government & industry to collaborate on both the technical and organizational redesign of a mature mobilty
happening in china now
Air freight revolution
1980 - 2005
step: deregulation, air freight revolution
technology: new wide body planes. network management
economy: cycles
Business model: global logistics networks. Hubs. alliances.
- -> globalization
- -> theory of just in time production
Regular air mail in the US postal service for 1918.
Considerable growth after WWII.
Air cargo networks were established & integrated with surface transport networks to establish a door-to-door delivery system.
Before the air freight revolution movements concerned mainly passenger transport.
Worldwide per capita movement of people 1950 - 1990 (person kilometers)
automobile increased dramatically.
Walk / bicycle: decreased
ocean increase till 1900 then decreased.
bus, air and rail increased
now: 1 Car, 2 Walk /bicycle, 3 Bus, 4 Rail, 5 Air
Worldwide per capita movement of freight 1950 - 1990 (freight in tonne-kilometers)
- Ocean freight: increased drammmmmmatically
- rail and road. (road increased faster)
air kinda stable… there isn’t that much increase.
Annual new vehicle sales by region to 2030
in OECD region there isn’t almost any increase anymore.
Non- OECD region are and are going to increase.
if developing counties follow the same path or car dependence as OECD nations, technological advances are unlikely to offset the large increase in vehicle related emission!
motor vehicle fleet (flotta)
OECD: a lot of cars but increasing less rapidly. Stagnating
rest of the world: doing the same OECD nations did 50 years ago. strong increasing number of cars and bigger amount of motorcycles than in OECD
fuel use for road transport (1990-2030)
OECD counties: cars, light trucks, motorcycles twice as much as heavy trucks
rest of the World: in 2010 heavy trucks surpassed cars,….
