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Physiological Psychology > 9. Emotion and stress > Flashcards

9. Emotion and stress Flashcards

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1
Q

define emotion

A

Positive or negative reactions to a certain situation (physiological and behavioural changes)

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2
Q

name the three components of emotion

A

Cognitive
Feelings
Action

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3
Q

emotion causes…

A

increased ANS activity

mix of parasympathetic and sympathetic response

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4
Q

summarise James Lang’s theory of emotion

A

Activation of the autonomic nervous system/motor action occurs first, emotion later

EVENT  APPRAISAL  ACTION  EMOTION

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5
Q

what are the assumptions according to James Lang?

A
  • people with low musculoskeletal and autonomic response –> feel fewer emotions
  • increased physiological response should increase the emotion
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6
Q

empirical evidence for James Lang?

A
  • Smiling increases happiness
  • Frowning: certain stimuli are experienced as less pleasurable

PERCEPTION OF OWN BODY/ACTIONS CONTRIBUTES TO THE EMOTIONL EXPERIENCE

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7
Q

pure autonomic failure

another way of saying this?

A

idiopathic orthostatic hypotension

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8
Q

what is idiopathic orthostatic hypotension caused by?

A

Communication failures between ANS and rest of body

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9
Q

idiopathic orthostatic hypotension: symptoms?

A
  • No reaction to stressors like physiological changes (increased heartrate, sweating)
  • Less intense emotions
  • Experience cognitive aspect, not emotional

BUT People with spinal cord injuries also feel emotions Emotions do not require feedback from muscle movement

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10
Q

brain mechanism of emotion…

A

the limbic system

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11
Q

The Limbic System: describe 3 empirical findings…

A
  1. Different areas are activated by the same emotional experience (and vice versa)
    (more evident in corticotemporal and frontal areas)
  2. right hemisphere more responsive to EMOTIONAL stimuli
  3. Right temporal cortex lesions: associated with problems identifying emotions in others
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12
Q

What is meant by “hemispheric dependency”?

A

Right cerebral hemisphere: behavioural INHIBITION system

Left cerebral hemisphere: behavioural ACTIVATION system

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13
Q

BIS

A

BEHAVIOURAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (right)

    • increases arousal
    • inhibits action
      e. g. fear and disgust
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14
Q

BAS

A

BEHAVIOURAL ACTIVATION SYSTEM (left)
– low arousal, approach behaviour

e.g. happiness, anger

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15
Q

what is the amygdala and where is it found?

A

a set of nuclei found deep in the temporal lobes

central nucleus –> critical in emotional response caused by aversive stimuli

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16
Q

amygdala - function?

A

processing and storage of

emotional reaction

17
Q

amygdala: plan of action…

A
  1. receives sensory info
  2. evaluates emotional importance of stimuli (relates them to previous experience)
  3. activates autonomic & hormonal response
18
Q

people with damaged amygdala CAN…

A 
show components (behavioural, autonomic and endocrine) of a fear response 
when presented with triggering stimulus
19
Q

people with damaged amygdala CANNOT…

A

express a CONDITIONED fear response

20
Q

what is the insula?

A

Primary cortex of taste

21
Q

what is the only emotion for which a specific brain area has been found?

A

DISGUST

Greater activation to images such as facial expressions of disgust.
It is also activated by terrifying images

22
Q

PARASYMPATHETIC RESPONSE

A
  • digestive system activated
  • pupil constriction
  • slow HR
  • bronchial tubes constricted
  • uterus relaxed
  • vasoconstriction
23
Q

SYMAPTHETIC RESPONSE

A
  • digestive system activity reduced
  • pupil dilation
  • increased HR
  • bronchial tubes dilated
  • vasodilation
  • sweat secretion
  • vaginal contraction
  • adrenaline production
24
Q

contrast and compare the hormonal and the autonomic response…

A 
AUTONOMIC RESPONSE:
Aka flight-or-flight
-	faster
-	effects less long-lasting
HORMONAL RESPONSE:
Aka Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
-	slower
-	effects longer-lasting
25
Q

men show more ______________________ than women

A

• men show more violent and aggressive behaviors than women
testosterone!!!!!

STUDY: men convicted of murder and rape have higher testosterone levels than men convicted of drug offenses and burglary

26
Q

studies have linked aggressive behaviour with…

A
  • testosterone

- REDUCED SEROTONIN SYNTHESIS & RELEASE

27
Q

DEFINE STRESS

A

nonspecific response of the body to a demand (PLEASANT OR UNPLEASANT)

28
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A

physiological process related to stress

–> our stress response system defends then fatigues

29
Q

name the three phases of GAS

A

ALARM: increased SNAS activity
RESISTANCE: coping, reduction of SNAS, release of cortisol
EXHAUSTION: resources depleted, immune system weakens

30
Q

what is cortisol?

A

Stress hormone, critical in situations of prolonged stress

31
Q

functions of cortisol?

A

– Helps metabolize energy

Short or moderate release: increases attention, memory formation and increases the immune response

32
Q

cortisol: what happens after prolonged release?

A

interferes with memory and immune activity

33
Q

cortisol: effects after short or moderate release?

A
  • increases attention, memory

- increases immune response

34
Q

name short term effects of trauma

A

shock

denial

35
Q

name long term effects of trauma

A

unpredictable emotions, flashbacks, strained relationships, headaches, nausea

36
Q

trauma: neuroanatomical changes

A
  • CRH hypersecretion
  • Decreased basal cortisol levels
  • Inhibition of negative feedback on the HPS system
  • Hypersensitization of glucocorticoid receptors
37
Q

describe what structural alterations could occur in the neuroanatomy, when trauma lasts longer than 12 weeks…

A

Alterations in neurogenesis, dendritic length and neural density

 local blood flow abnormalities
 hippocampal volume reduction (8%)

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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