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Physiological Psychology > 5. Sleep and Wakefulness > Flashcards

5. Sleep and Wakefulness Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep?

A
  • natural mandatory cyclic behavioural state
  • Low-No awareness, low-no arousal
  • Self-regulated and easily reversible to wakefulness
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2
Q

Name different levels of wakefulness…

A

Maximal alertness  wakefulness  sleep  coma

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3
Q

Name characteristics of REM sleep…

A
  • rapid eye movement
  • muscle twitches
  • dreams common
  • penile erection common
  • fluctuating vital signs
  • ## decreased muscle tone
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4
Q

EEG: compare REM with NREM sleep.

A

REM: low voltage, beta waves
NREM: spindles, v-waves, k-complexes, slow waves
theta, delta waves

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5
Q

Name characteristics of NREM sleep.

A
  • slow eye movement
  • muscle relaxation
  • stable vital signs
  • some tone in postural muscle
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6
Q

Adults: percentage REM/NREM sleep

A

REM 25%

NREM 75%

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7
Q

Children: percentage REM/NREM sleep

A

REM 50%

NREM 50%

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8
Q

Compare the different sleep stages re. different kinds of waves

A 
wakefulness: alpha, beta waves
REM: beta rhythms
Stage I: theta rhythms
Stage II: sleep spindle, k-complex
Stage III: delta
Stage IV: delta rhythms
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9
Q

Why do we need sleep?

A
  • Every vertebrate animal sleeps
  • Slow wave (NREM) vs rapid wave sleep (REM) Slow wave sleep (NREM): allows the brain to rest
  • Learning & memory
  • Brain development
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10
Q

NREM sleep: functions

A
  • Reduction in metabolism and blood flow (75%)
  • Brain is at rest
  • Oxidative stress
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11
Q

REM sleep: functions

A
  • High frequency waves
  • Intense physiological activation
  • Amount of REM sleep decreases over time (brain development; learning and memory)
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12
Q

Long term memory can be divided into…

A

declarative knowledge

nondeclarative knowledge

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13
Q

Name two types of declarative knowledge.

A

EPISODIC: remembering first day at school
SEMANTIC: knowing capital of france

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14
Q

Name three types of nondeclarative knowledge.

A

SKILL LEARNING: knowing how to cycle
PRIMING: being more likely to use a word you’ve recently heard
CONDITIONING: salivating when you smell favourite food

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15
Q

Episodic and semantic knowledge is stored in…

A

the cortex

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16
Q

Skill-learning knowledge is stored in …

A
  • basal ganglia
  • cerebellum
  • motor cortex
17
Q

Priming knowledge is stored in…

A

CORTEX

18
Q

Conditioning knowledge is stored in…

A

the CEREBELLUM

19
Q

Nissen et al. 2006

A

Mirror-tracing task

Less improvement in insomniacs

20
Q

How is sleep regulated?

A

homeostatic regulation

21
Q

Degradation of adenosine happens mainly during ________ sleep.

A

NREM

22
Q

Sleep/waking regulation can be described as a ______________.

A

flip-flop circuit

23
Q

Describe the sleep-waking flip-flop circuit.

A

FLIPFLOP ON:
- arousal centres active
- VLPA inhibited
= alert waking state

FLIPFLOP OFF:
- arousal centres inhibited
- VLPA activated
= slow-wave sleep

24
Q

Sleep/waking Flipflop: where are the arousal centres located?

A
  • brainstem

- forebrain

25
Q

Sleep/waking Flipflop: what is activated by the arousal centres?

A

Production & secretion of… NASH

  • Norepinephrine
  • Acetylcholine
  • Serotonin
  • Histamine
26
Q

Why do we grow tired?

A

prolonged wakefulness –> prolonged metabolic activity of neuron in brain

–> accumulation of adenosine –> activates VLPA –> arousal centres inhibited

  • -> decrease in NASH
  • -> tiredness, need for sleep
27
Q

What role do hunger/satiety signals play in the sleep/wake circuit?

A

hunger –> activates LH in orexinergic neurons –> activates arousal centres

satiety –> inhibits LH –> arousal centres not activated

28
Q

Short term effects of caffeine on the physiology?

A

Increase: heartrate, neuronal activity
Decrease: sleepiness, vasodilation

29
Q

How does caffeine prevent us from being sleepy?

A
  • competes with adenosine at cell receptor
  • when caffeine reaches receptor, adenosine can not be activated
  • -> no sleepy signal to body
30
Q

Name the three main criteria of Caffeine Use Disorder.

A

(1) a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to control caffeine use;
(2) continued caffeine use, despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by caffeine;
(3) withdrawal

31
Q

name 4 types of adenosine receptors.

A

Adenosine A1 receptor
Adenosine A2A receptor
Adenosine A2B receptor
Adenosine A3 receptor

32
Q

where is the Adenosine A1 receptor localized?

A

broad distribution

high in

  • nerves
  • adipose tissue
  • heart
  • kidney
33
Q

where is the Adenosine A2A receptor localized?

A

broad distribution

very high in:
- basal ganglia

high in:

  • nerves
  • blood vessels
  • immune cells
34
Q

where is the Adenosine A2B receptor localized?

A

broad distribution

low abundance

35
Q

where is the Adenosine A3 receptor localized?

A

restricted distribution, varying across species

- high in mast cells

Physiological Psychology (9 decks)

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