9: development of dyslexia Flashcards
What is dyslexia?
Unexpected reading failure
Poor reading despite favorable conditions, contrast: a developmental disorder
What is reading?
- Highly complex skill
How writing can be turned into speech
How do fluent readers read?
- Quick leaps (8/9 letters jumps)
- Fixation point: process small area, 3-4 letters left and 15 right, on every content word
- Seldom go back
How do beginning readers read?
- One word at the time
- Longer fixation on each word
- Shorter leaps
- Backtrack more often
What a phoneme?
Smallest unit of sound within a spoken word p/i/t
Whats a grapheme?
Letter or letters that represent a speech sound t/ea/r
Whats a morpheme?
smallest unit of meaning within a spoken word
Whats the difference between shallow and deep/intransparent language?
Shallow: a specific letter is always pronounced the same
Deep: relations between letters and sounds are more arbitrary > difficult to read
What can you say about IQ?
No IQ reading discrepancy but reading below age expected levels.
What are the 2 predictors of dyslexia?
phonological awareness: awareness of sound structure of words
rapid naming: ease of access to representation stored in memory
How does dyslexia manifest itself in different languages?
- Deficits in phonological awareness more predicitve in deep languages
- Deficits in rapid naming are more predictive in shallow languages
What do the tiers of intervention look like?
Tier 1: classroom instruction Tier 2: additional teaching in class by teacher Tier 3: extra education by specialist
What are characteristics of effective treatment?
- Training and focus on phonological awareness while reading
- Training letter-sound connections
- Training short visual language stimuli
- Training rule based strategies for spelling
- Repeated reading
What do we still have to find out?
- How to teach children a foreign language?
- Underlying causes
