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biology igcse > 9 - Coordination and Response > Flashcards

9 - Coordination and Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the central Nervous System consist of?

A

Brain, Spinal cord

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2
Q

What are the three main types of neurones?

A

Sensory, Motor, Relay

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3
Q

What do sensory neurones do?

A

Carry impulses from sensory receptors to the central nervous system.

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4
Q

What do relay neurones do?

A

Pass impulses on to the brain.

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5
Q

What do motor neurones do?

A

Motor neurones carry the impulse from the brain to the effector.

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6
Q

Stimuli Definition

A

Changes in an organism’s environment, sensed by receptors. (Plural: Stimulus)

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7
Q

What are effectors?

A

Muscles and glands that respond to stimuli with a reaction.

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8
Q

What are the two methods of sending information from receptors to effectors in animals?

A

Through nerves (faster) and by hormones (slower).

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9
Q

What are the parts of a neurone?

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane.

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10
Q

What helps neurones carry messages quickly?

A

Long, thin fibres of cytoplasm stretching out from the cell body. (Axons and Dendrites)

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11
Q

What is the difference between an axon and a dendrite/dendron?

A

Axons are the longest fibres (can go up to a meter long), dendrites are the shorter fibres.

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12
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They pick up electrical signals (nerve impulses) from other neurones lying nearby.

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13
Q

How are nerve impulses passed through a neurone?

A

Dendrites pick up the electrical signal, which then passes to the cell body, then along the axon, which then passes it to another neurone.

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14
Q

Definition of myelin

A

A layer of fat and protein that wraps nerve fibers in mammals. (AKA myelin sheath)

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15
Q

What is the function of myelin?

A

It insulates the nerve fibres so they carry the impulses faster.

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16
Q

What does the peripheral system consist of?

A

Nerves and Receptors.

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17
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Stimuli cause an impulse to be detected by a sensory receptor. A sensory neurone then carries the impulse from the receptor to the CNS. In the CNS, the impulse is passed to several other neurones. The relay neurone then passes the impulse to the brain and to an effector. The impulse then travels to the effector along the axon of a motor neurone. The muscle or gland then reacts.

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18
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

You don’t have to think about the action, your brain is made aware of it and you only realise what’s happening after the message has already been sent to your muscles. (Involuntary action)

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19
Q

What are sense organs?

A

Groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli: Light, sound, touch, temperature and chemicals.

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20
Q

What are the parts of an eye?

A

Conjunctiva, Cornea, Iris, Pupil, Lens, Retina, Optic nerve, and blind spot.

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21
Q

What is the Conjunctiva?

A

Thin transparent membrane that covers the front of the eye to protect parts behind it.

22
Q

What is the Cornea?

A

Completely transparent and has no blood vessels and it causes all the light that passes through it to refract.

23
Q

What is the Iris?

A

Coloured part of an eye that contains circular and radial muscles and it controls the size of the pupil.

24
Q

What is the Pupil?

A

The Pupil is a gap in the middle of the Iris and it allows light to pass through to the lens.

25
Q

What is the Lens?

A

The lens can change it’s shape and it refracts or bends light in order to focus it onto the Retina.

26
Q

What is the function of the Retina?

A

When light falls on a receptor cell in the Retina, the cell sends an electrical impulse along the optic nerve to the brain.

27
Q

What is the function of the Optic nerve?

A

It takes all the impulses generated by the receptor cells and transmits them to the brain.

28
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The location where the Optic nerve leaves the Retina, where there are no receptor cells present.

29
Q

What is Lysozyme?

A

An enzyme in the fluid produced in the tear glands to keep the conjunctiva moist. The enzyme kills bacteria.

30
Q

What are the roles of the circular and radial muscles in the Iris?

A

In bright light circular muscles contract to make the pupil smaller. In dim light radial muscles contract to stretch the pupil outwards making it wider.

31
Q

How does an image a person sees transfer to their brain?

A

When light falls on a receptor cell in the Retina, the cell sends an electrical impulse along the Optic nerve to the brain. The brain sorts out the impulses from each receptor cell and forms an image.

32
Q

How does your eye react at the sight of a distant object?

A

The ciliary muscle relaxes, the suspensory ligaments are pulled tight, and the lens is pulled thin.

33
Q

How does your eye react at the sight of a nearby object?

A

The ciliary muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments are slackened, and the lens is allowed to bulge.

34
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

Ligament between lens and ciliary muscle; supports lens and connects it to the ciliary muscle.

35
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

The system of communication and regulation in our bodies controlled by chemical messengers called hormones.

36
Q

How are hormones produced?

A

They are chemical substances produced by tissues called glands

37
Q

What glands are hormones made in?

A

Endocrine glands

38
Q

What is the function of adrenaline and where is it secreted from?

A

It prepares the body for vigorous action, and is secreted from the adrenal glands (one above each kidney).

39
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete hormones?

A

It releases them directly into the blood. Endocrine glands have blood capillaries running through them, hence good blood supply.

40
Q

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

No, they are ductless glands unlike the salivary, etc.

41
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

The hormones are dissolved in the blood’s plasma and they each affect their specific target organs.

41
Q

How do hormones travel through the body?

A

The hormones are dissolved in the blood’s plasma and they each affect their specific target organs.

42
Q

How does adrenaline affect your body?

A

Makes your heart beat faster, and supplies oxygen to your brain and muscles faster. This gives the body more energy to act on the ‘fight or flight’ response and increases breathing rate, allowing more oxygen to enter the blood in the lungs.

43
Q

What is phototropism?

A

A response in which a plant grows towards or away from the direction which light is coming from.

44
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

A response in which a plant grows towards or away from gravity.

45
Q

How do plants react to stimuli?

A

They either grow away (positive) or towards the stimulus (negative).

46
Q

Where are the receptors and effectors in a plant?

A

The receptor is at the tip of the shoot and the effector is right below it.

47
Q

What does Auxin do?

A

Auxin diffuses downwards from the tip, into the rest of the shoot. It makes the cells just behind the tip get longer.

48
Q

How does a plant respond to light shining from all around?

A

Auxin is distributed evenly around the tip, the cells grow at the same rate so they grow straight upwards.

49
Q

How does a plant respond to light from only one side?

A

Auxin at the tip concentrates on the shady side, making the cells on that side grow faster than the ones on the bright side, making the shoot bend towards the light.

biology igcse (13 decks)

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