9 control, punishment , victim Flashcards
Who defines situational crime prevention as pre emptive approach that relies not on improving society or institutions but reducing opportunities for crime?
Ron Clarke
Who argues that most theories offer no real solutions to crime and that we must focus on immediate situation of crime and reduce opportunities for crime ?
Clarke
What is an example of situational crime prevention ?
NYC Bus Terminal
Who argues that situation crime prevention does not reduce crime only displaces it?
Chaiken
Who came up with broken windows theory ?
Willson and Kelling
How many new officers did NYPD benefit from from 1993 onwards ?
7000
What study showed social and community crime prevention by studying a group of 3-4 year olds was offered a two-year intellectual enrichment programme, during which time the children also received weekly home visits.
By age 40, they had significantly fewer arrests, while more had graduated from high school and were in employment?
Perry Pre School Project
Who conducted a a survey of 26 crime and disorder area partnerships in North West of England to discover what crimes their strategies were targeting and found it was mainly vehicle burglary, drugs and violent crime ?
Whyte
Who descrive sovereign power and disciplinary power ?
Foucalt
What is the prison where prisoners can be seen at every point ?
Panopticon
Who’s study showed that CCTV had little effect in reducing crime, other than in car parks?
Norris
Who defines synoptic surveillance as everyone is always watching everyone ?
Matthiessen
Who says we are unable to reverse established hierarchy of surveillance that state police and security have ?
Machail
Who refers to the combination of different surveillance technologies as surveillant assemblages ?
Haggerty and Ericson
Who says that officers usually target young black males and rely on typifications about typical offenders create SFP of certain groups so they criminalise ?
Norris and Armstrong
What area of china has extreme surveillance ?
xinjang province
Who define the two types of justice as retributive and restitutive ?
Durkheim
Who argues the function of punishment is to maintain the existing social order (capitalism!).
As part of the ‘repressive state apparatus’, it is a means of defending ruling class property against the lower classes?
Althusser
Who defines ‘Mass incarceration’ as they are no longer punishing individuals for crimes and instead imprisoning whole groups of the population (especially young black males)?
Garland
Who argues mass incarceration benefits capitalism, as it hides the true number of unemployed people and makes capitalism look more successful?
Downes
Who argues non-custodial sentences have increased police control? – rather than steering young people away from the CJS it diverts them into it – e.g. violating terms of a curfew could lead to a prison sentence?
Stan Cohen
Who argued the idea of victim is socially constructed. The stereotype of the ‘ideal victim’ favoured by the media, public and criminal justice system is a weak, innocent and blameless individual- such as a small child or old woman- who is the target of a stranger’s attack?
Nils Christie
Who says the three aims of positivist victimology are
1) aim to identify factors that produce patterns in victimisation
2) focus on interpersonal crimes of violence
3) aims to identify victims who have contributed to their own victimisation
Miers
Who identified 13 characteristics of victims such as they are likely to be females, elderly or ‘mentally subnormal’?
Hans von Hentig
