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03 - Body Logistics > 9 - Connective and Adipose Tissue > Flashcards

9 - Connective and Adipose Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main cells and products of connective tissue?

A

Cells - Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, Fibroblasts, Mesenchymal stem cells, chondrocytes, bone marrow, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells

Products - Fibres, Ground substance, Wax and Gel like materials

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of connective tissue?

A

Structure:

- Cells, Extracellular matrix (Fibres and Ground stubstance)

Functions:

- Binding and supporting

  • Insulation
  • Shock absorption/Protection
  • Store of fuel and cells (e.g bone marrow, adipose)
  • Transport of substances (blood)
  • Separation of tissues
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3
Q

What are the six type of connective tissues?

A

CT Proper: Loose Areolar, Fibrous (Dense Ir/regular)

Specialised: Bone, Cartilage, Bone Marrow, Blood, Adipose,

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4
Q

When looking at histological slides, what should you look for?

A
  • White space: adipose, chondrocyte, artefact?
  • Surface specialisations
  • Type of epithelia, simple?compound?
  • Type of muscle fibre
  • Type of connective tissue
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5
Q

What types of connective tissue are loose?

A
  • Reticular
  • Blood
  • Adipose
  • Areolar
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6
Q

What is the general structure of loose areolar connective tissue?

A
  • Few cells: Macrophages, Mast Cells, Fibroblasts, Other WBC’s

- Fibres: Lots of collagen, elastin and no reticular like other loose CT

- Large Gel Xcellular matrix: Glycosaminoglycans produced by fibroblasts

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7
Q

Where is loose areolar tissue found and what is it’s function?

A

- Where?

Under epithelia (hypodermis, submucosa, lamina propria)

Associated with epithelia of glands

Located around small blood vessels and nerves

Makes septa and trabeculae of organs

- Function?

Cushion and stabilise organs

Hold vessels that supply fluids

Inflammation response and kill pathogens that have breach epithelia

Permit cell migration

Separate organs (superficial fascia)

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8
Q

When is loose connective tissue first seen from embryo?

A
  • Mesenchyme (mesodermal), made of MSC with fluid ground substance merged as ill-defined cell membranes
  • Over time ground substance more mucoid so mucous connective tissue
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9
Q

Where is muscous connective tissue found?

A
  • In the umbilical cord as Wharton’s jelly
  • High amount of hyularonic acid contained within fine mesh of collagen I and III
  • Large number of stellate fibroblasts and macrophages/lymphocytes
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10
Q

What is reticular connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue with high amount of collagen III supported by collagen IV
  • Fibroblasts secrete the collagen and they lay next to the fibroblasts
  • Found in spleen, kidney and lymph nodes, producing a stroma for structural support
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11
Q

What happens when you have an alpha-anti trypsin 1 deficiency?

A

Elastin fibres in the lungs are destroyed by elastase enzymes secreted by neutrophils. Elastin cannot be remade.

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12
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

A
  • Produce and secrete fibres that lay in ground substance
  • Form scar tissue
  • Myofibroblasts (contain actin and myosin) help wound contraction when tissue loss occured
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13
Q

What is a histiocyte?

A

Stationary macrophage in connective tissue

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14
Q

What is a macrophage’s function in connective tissue?

A
  • Derived from blood monocytes and enter tissue when there is inflammation
  • Phagocytic so destroy foreign bodies and act as antigen-presenting cells
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15
Q

What is the function of mast cells in connective tissue and what do they look like histologically?

A
  • Close to collagen and blood vessels, look like basophils with lots of granules but not derived from them
  • Not in CNS to prevent oedema
  • Release histamine, cytokines, heparin and get coated in IgE
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16
Q

What are unilocular adipocytes?

A
  • White adipose tissue, can be yellow
  • Main adipocyte in loose CT
  • Single lipid droplet with nucleus, organelles and cytoplasm pushed to periphery
  • Provide padding, insulation, shock absorber and fuel reserve
17
Q

What are multilocular adipocytes?

A
  • In neonates around organs, only across shoulders and nape of neck in adults
  • Multiple lipid droplets with nucleus pushed to centre
  • Provide insulation and energy reserve
18
Q

How are adipose cells generated?

A

From mesenchymal stem cells or fibroblasts

19
Q

Compare and contrast white and brown fat.

A
20
Q

Discuss the 4 main collagens

A
21
Q

Discuss what property the three main fibres give to connective tissue

A

Collagen - Flexible with high tensile strength

Elastin - Allows tissues to stretch and recoil

Reticulin - Provide supportive framework (not in areolar)

22
Q

Define connective tissue.

A

Tissue that connects, supports, binds or separates other tissues or organs

23
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A
  • Clear slippery watery substance
  • Proteoglycans, water, lipid
  • Can become gelatin
24
Q

What is the main structure, function and locations of dense connective tissue?

A

- Structure: Fewer cell types than loose, less ground substance, fibres closely packed

- Function: Mechanical support and transmit forces

- Location Irregular: Deep fascia, Periosteum, Dermis, Perichondrium, Capsules

- Location Regular: Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses

25
Q

What is the structure and histology of irregular dense connective tissue?

A
  • Lots of fibres which cross-cross each other in multiple directions to resist forces in multiple directions and prevent tearing, mainly collagenous.
  • Elastin allows degree of stretch or bend with skin
  • Fibroblasts, Collagen I bundles
26
Q

What is the structure and histology of dense regular connective tissue?

A
  • Collagen bundles packes densley and parallel to provide maximum tensile strength against opposing forces
  • Ligaments have more elastin than tendons
  • Elongated flattened fibroblasts lay next to collagen
27
Q

What is the structure of the myotendinous junction?

A

Cross links between collagen on tendon and collagen surrounding muscle fibres, results in very high mechanical strength

28
Q

What is the structure of a tendon?

A
  • Dense regular CT
  • 30% collagen, 68% water, 2% elastin
  • Stronger than muscle and as strong as bone
  • 70% collagen I, 30% collagen III
29
Q

What is the histology of a ligament?

A
  • Dense regular CT
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Parallel collagen fibres, in fasicles of 3, surrounded by loose CT
30
Q

What is fascia?

A
  • Superficial, Deep, Visceral or Parietal depending on where it is found
  • Way of separating muscle groups and organs
  • Allow flexibility and resistance of unidirectional forces until fibres straightened out
31
Q

What produces collagen in every connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts, they secrete it as tropocollagen

32
Q

What type of connective tissue is fascia?

A

Superficial - Loose areolar typically

Deep - Dense Regular typically, less stretch than superficial

33
Q

What is scurvy caused by?

A
  • Vitamin C deficiency (need about 75mg daily)
  • Vit C needed to hydroxylate proline and lysine
  • Without this cross links between alpha chains in collagen can’t form so weak connective tissue
34
Q

What is Marfan’s caused by?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Fibrillin 1 gene defective so abnormal elastic tissue as elastin and fibrillin needed together to form elastic
35
Q

What does elastin and collagen fibres look like under an electron microscope?

A
36
Q

What is the histological structure of the aorta?

A
37
Q

What causes elastin to be lost and what is the issue with this?

A
  • Smooth muscle cells produce elastin, once produce can’t be reformed
  • Elastin destroyed by sunlight
  • Elastin destroyed by smoking as neutrophils come to site and produce elastase
38
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta caused by?

A
  • Autosomal dominant
  • Mutated collagen I fibres so either collagen doesn’t knit together or not enough produced or both
  • Bones can break easily without falls, could be burping baby or changing diaper

03 - Body Logistics (20 decks)

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