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03 - Body Logistics > 1 - Body Fluids and Oedema > Flashcards

1 - Body Fluids and Oedema Flashcards

1
Q

What dermatome are the nipples in?

A

T4

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2
Q

What is the reference ranges for:

  • Temperature
  • Pulse
  • Blood Pressure
  • Breathing rate
A
  • 36.5 to 37.5
  • 60 to 100bpm
  • 90/60mmHg to 120/80mmHg
  • 12 to 18 breaths/min
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3
Q

What is the process of inflammation?

A
  • Vasodilation
  • Influx of leukocytes
  • Increased microvascular permeability
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4
Q

What is the definition of homeostasis?

A

Homeo = same Stasos = still

Physiological process of mainting the internal environment of the body in a state of dynamic equilibrium

e.g temperature, osmolality, pH

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5
Q

Recall the percentage of water in a standard 70kg man and how much water is in each compartment.

A
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6
Q

What is the volume of blood in a person and how often does it circulate the body?

A
  • 5l (3l plasma, 2l haematocrit)
  • 4.9l o 5.5l around the world
  • Circulates once (HR(70) x SV(70)) = 4900ml/min)
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7
Q

Compare and contrast body water in males and females and the elderly.

A
  • Females have less water as more fat
  • Elderly 50% TBW
  • Babies 80% TBW
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8
Q

Why do people with more fat have a lower total body water?

A

Fat stores less water. Therefore, different blood volumes too

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9
Q

How does the body regulate it’s temperature?

A
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10
Q

What is positive feedback and give an example of this?

A

Stops when the initiator ceases

Ferguson reflex or Clotting Cascade

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11
Q

Why does body temperature vary?

A
  • Follows a cicardian rhythm
  • Menstraul cycle
  • Extremities are colder than core
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12
Q

What happens to body temperature when you get infected with bacteria?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Pathogens release pyrogens and white blood cells release IL6, which increases the set point of the hypothalamus to 38.5
  • Induces shivering and rigor
  • Higher temperature is optimum for the immune system
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13
Q

What is hyperthermia and hypothermia and how is it diagnosed?

A

Hyperthermia: 37.5 to 38.3. Sweaty, pale, increased heart rate, febrile seizures, coma, dry skin

Hypothermia: Below 35. Shivering, fatigue, stiff muscles, decreased heart rate. Below 32 will pass out and faint pulse. Below 28 they appear dead so not dead till warm

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14
Q

What should the pH be in the body?

A

7.4 (7.35 in veins, 7.45 in arteries)

outside 6.8 < pH < 7.8 for a long time is death

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15
Q

What is the importance of acid-base balance?

A

Outside pH range, cell dies

5.8 CANCER CELLS

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16
Q

How do you diagnose someone as alkalotic or acidotic?

A

Take arterial blood gas and measure the pH and cLac

17
Q

What is the normal conc of H+ in the blood?

A
  • 44-36 nanomoles per litre
  • Change in conc by factor of 2 causes pH change 0.3
18
Q

What are the two types of acidosis?

A

Metabolic - Increased metabolism or the inability of the kidneys to excrete acid

Respiratory - Hypoventilation so CO2 build up

19
Q

How can you treat acidosis?

A
  • Infusion of bicarbonate
  • Mechanical ventilation
20
Q

What organ regulates blood pH?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Slow so action takes a few days

Acidotic: Excrete H+ and retain HCO3-

Alkylotic: Excrete HCO3- and retain H+

21
Q

What is the short term response to acidosis?

A

Hyperventilation to remove CO2 and drag the equation to the right

22
Q

What happens if gastric acid gets out of the stomach and how can we treat this?

A

Cells outside the stomach arent specialised so die due to the low pH. Take antacids like Aluminium Hydroxide. Preferred as it is soluble, milder, longer acting and less side effects

23
Q
A
24
Q

What is iso,hypo and hypertonic?

A

Water will always move to a lower osmolality

Hypo has lower osmolality as more solutes

25
Q

What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity, and how do you measure them?

A
  • Plasma
  • Urine
26
Q

What should blood osmolality be?

A

275 - 295 mOsm/kg

27
Q

What is dehydration, what is it caused by and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Lack of water in the body. Can be due to vomiting, diarrhoea, sweating
  • Dry mouth, thirst, low urine output, diziness, fast heart rate (viscous blood haematocrit), lack of tears, muscle cramps
  • Can cause water to be absorbed from brain, liver and kidney which is damaging
28
Q

What is water toxicity caused by and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Too much water absorbed into the ECF due to drinking too much or kidney issue
  • Oedema, convulsions, coma, headache
  • Decreases Na conc in blood, tissues swell and interrupts with signalling
29
Q

How does the body overcome dehydration but prevent water toxicity?

A

Change in plasma osmolality by 2-3% causes desire to drink, whereas 10-15% change in body volume would do the same. Hypothalamus has a set point for the osmolality. Encourages small frequent drinks

30
Q

What is oedema and what are the issues related to it?

A
  • Normally pitting

FLUID RETENTION

  • Albumin has oncotic pressure and draws water towards itself so if in interstitial space it will draw water out. If not albumin due to liver failure, no albumin to hold water in the capillary
  • Causes pressure in areas or low b.p as less blood volume, so less oxygen delivery and comma,convulsions
31
Q

What could oedema be caused by?

A
  • Lymphoedema (non-pitting due to collagen)
  • Hypertension
  • Liver failure (decreased oncotic)
  • Leaked albumin
32
Q

How are osmolality and osmotic pressure linked?

A

High osmolality would mean high oncotic pressure and vice versa

33
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of and what is it’s function?

A

What?

  • Thick microtubules (tubulin to move organelles)
  • Intermediate filaments (not dynamic, they anchor)
  • Thin microfilaments (actin)

Why?

  • Structural support to organelles and cells with no cell wall
  • Movement of organelles
  • Movement of chromosome and spindle apparatus formation
34
Q

What are microtubules made of and how do they assemble?

A
  • Tubulin and protein that are normally dissolved in cytoplasm
  • At centrosome the tubulin form microtubules (near to nucleus)
  • Centrosome also produces spindle apparatus
35
Q

What is the hypothesis for movement of organelles in the cell?

A
  • Organelles have receptors complementary to motor proteins (dyenin) on microtubules. These poteins walk organelle along cytoskeleton
36
Q

How do cilia and flagella move?

A

Cilia - rowing motion

Flagella - whip motion

Centrosome (made of centrioles) goes to cell membrane and forms a basal body.

From each basal body 10 pairs of microtubules form with each pair connected by motor proteins. Strain from the movement of these proteins cause the cilia and flagella to move

37
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

Two centrioles at right angles near the nucleus

03 - Body Logistics (20 decks)

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