9. Code III: Sales and Leases Flashcards
Warranty against Redhibition: Remedies for Good Faith Seller
- useless = entitled to refund of purchase price and reasonable expenses (NO damages/attorney’s fees)
- if not USELESS = quanti minoris
however, buyer MUST give good faith seller opportunity to correct defect before seeking rescission of the sale
Good Faith Seller
= one who did not know thing had defect
Warranty against Redhibition
implied in every sale
protects buyer from:
(1) hidden defects in the thing:
(2) present at the time of delivery
(3) that qualify as redhibitory
Types of Redhibitory Defects
(1) defect that renders the thing either absolutely useless or so inconvenient to use that the buyer would not have bought the thing had he known of the defect
(Remedy = RESCISSION of the sale)
OR
(2) defect that diminishes the usefulness or value of the thing such that it must be supposed that the buyer would have paid a lesser price
(Remedy = quanti minoris)
Quanti minoris
reduction of the price
remedy for the type of redhibitory defect that diminishes the usefulness or value of the thing such that it must be supposed that the buyer would have paid a lesser price
Hidden Defect/ Duty to Inspect
one that would likely not be discovered upon reasonably prudent inspection
- buyers knowledge/ expertise
- opportunity to inspect
- assurances made by sellers
Burden of Presence of Redhibitory Defect Upon Delivery
burden on buyer to prove existence at time of delivery
not the cause of defect
Waiver of Warranty against Redhibitory Defects
(1) must be clear and unambiguous (“as is” is likely not good enough)
(2) must be brought to buyer’s attention
IMPORTANT: waiver is ineffective against a seller who declared that a thing had a quality that seller knew it did not have
Liberative Prescription for Redhibitory Defects: Good Faith Sellers
the shorter of:
(i) 2 years from the date of perfection of the sale
(ii) 1 year from the date the buyer discovered the defect
Liberative Prescription for Redhibitory Defects: Bad Faith Sellers
bad faith = had knowledge of the defect
the shorter of:
(i) 10 years from the date of perfection of the sale
(ii) 1 year from the date the buyer discovered the defect
Warranty of Fitness
seller warrants that the thing sold is reasonably fit for its ordinary use
governed by the rules of contract
limited to ordinary uses – EXCEPTIONS
Warranty of Fitness extended to uses beyond ordinary when:
- buyer has some particular use in mind for the thing,
-
seller knows or should know the buyer’s particular purpose,
AND - the seller knows or should know that the buyer is relying on the seller’s skill and judgement in selecting the thing
Warranty of Fitness: Remedies
damages for the amount of loss sustained by the breach
Prescription of Breach of Warranty of Fitness
the shorter of:
(i) 2 years from the date the thing was delivered, or
(ii) 1 year from the date the buyer discovered the unfitness
Contract to Sell
bilateral agreement where the parties promise to enter into a sale at a later date
Form for Contract to Sell
- must specify the thing and the price
- in writing for immovables
Sale: Definition
contract whereby a person
transfers ownership
of the thing
to another
for a price in money
sale of immovables must be in writing to affect 3d persons
Perfection of the Sale
- object
- price (determined or determinable)
- consent of the parties (consider counteroffer)
Contract to Sell: Earnest Money
money given by buyer to seller to secure the parties’ interests in the event of breach
- must be EXPRESSLY stipulated
- precludes possibility of seeking specific performance and damages (functions as stipulated damages)
Contract to Sell: Earnest Money Effects on Breach
if buyer recedes from contract: buyer forfeits earnest money
if seller recedes from contract, seller must pay the earnest money given to the buyer plus the same amount
if either party’s failure to perform is EXCUSED, earnest money is not owed
Sale of an Immovable: Prescription of Action for Failure to Perform
5 years
Warranty against Eviction
seller warrants the buyer against eviction
Eviction
the buyer’s loss of or danger of losing
the whole or part of a thing sold
because a third person’s right existed in the thing
at the time of sale
Warranty against Eviction: Servitudes
warranty against eviction extends to undeclared, nonapparent conventional servitudes
does NOT extend to natural or legal servitudes
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty Against Eviction: Waiver/Modification by Warranty Sale
parties do not address the matter of the warranty OR they state that the sale is a “warranty sale”
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty Against Eviction: Waiver/Modification by Warranty Sale
REMEDIES
- restitution of the price
- restitution of fruits if buyer has to pay them to the owner who evicts him
- all costs incurred by the lawsuit concerning the warranty/eviction
- damages ONLY IF the buyer did not know about danger of eviction
- improvements (all improvements if bad faith seller, only “useful improvements” if good faith seller)
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty against Eviction: Waiver/Modification by Non-Warranty Sale
seller renounces the warranty
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty against Eviction: Waiver/Modification by Non-Warranty Sale
REMEDIES
restitution of the price ONLY IF buyer did not know about danger of eviction
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty against Eviction: Waiver/Modification by Buyer’s Peril and Risk
non warranty sale +
(1) buyer was aware at the time of the sale the danger of eviction, or
(2) regardless of the buyer’s knowledge, the buyer declared that he was buying the property at his peril and risk, or
(3) the seller’s obligation of returning the price of the property has been expressly excluded
Remedies for buyer: nothing
Seller’s Liability for Breach of Warranty against Eviction: Quitclaim Deed
assignment of any rights without warranting the existence of those rights
REMEDIES: nothing
Warranty against Eviction: Partial Eviction
buyer is entitled to proportionate reduction in price
if buyer’s PRINCIPAL CAUSE was to get the part on which the eviction occurred, buyer could get complete rescission of sale
Right of First Refusal
unilateral contract in which one party agrees that she will not sell a certain thing without FIRST offering it to a certain person
- may be enforced by specific performance
- need not contain a term OR price
- immovable must be in writing and cannot extend past 10 years (movable capped at 5)
Sale on View or Trial
buyer retains the right to test the goods
sale is not perfected until the goods have been checked
Sale on a Suspensive Condition (when perfection?)
title does not transfer (sale is not perfected) until the condition is fulfilled
Types of Warranties
(1) warranty against redhibition
(2) warranty against eviction
(3) warranty of fitness
Option Contract
unilateral K whereby a grantor of the option is BOUND TO BUY OR SELL if the grantee accepts within the time stipulated
Option Contract: Requirements
- thing
- price
- correct form (immovables = writing)
- term
Option Contract Term Requirements
can be tied to another contract with a definite term,
NO LONGER THAN 10 years for an immovable
UNLESS tied to a contract that gives rise to obligations of continuous and periodic performance (ie a lease)
Lesion Beyond Moiety
(1) K for corporeal immovable
(2) only SELLER can bring action for lesion
(3) price is less than 1/2 FMV at time of sale
Counteroffer
- an acceptance not in accordance with the terms of the offer is deemed to be a counteroffer
different terms = proposals for modification (must be accepted by offeror to be part of K
MERCHANT EXCEPTION
Counteroffer Exception: acceptance forms K of sale of movable even if acceptance contains different terms from original offer IF
- THERE IS AGREEMENT ON THE SALE AND THE PRICE
(no K if acceptance conditioned on acceptance of additional terms)
Merchant Exception for Counteroffers
different terms become part of the K automatically unless:
a. they materially alter the offer
b. offer expressly limits acceptance to terms of the offer
OR
c. offeror objects within reasonable time
(still a K just not included automatically)
sale of future things
Things not yet in existence
coming into existence = suspensive condition so buyer does NOT assume the risk
sale of hope
ALEATORY (uncertain)
buyer assumes risk that thing won’t materialize
Simulation
when parties do not intend a price to be paid (presumed if seller remains in possession)
Ownership
Passes to buyer upon perfection of the sale
Risk of Loss
risk of loss due to fortuitous events (not reasonably foreseen @ time of K) transfers to buyer upon delivery
Perfection of the Sale: Goods Sold by Weight/ Tail
perfection when weighing/counting completed