9. Bladder neoplasms

Question 1

Etiologies & associations of bladder neoplasms

Answer 1

1. Occupational risk factors:
   - 2-naphthylamine
   - 4-aminobiphenyl
   - Benzidene
2. Non-occupational risk factors:
   - Cigarette smoking
   - Schistosomiasis (causes squamous metaplasia)
   - Cyclophosphamide (induces hemorrhagic cystitis)
   - Phenacetin (analgesic)

Question 2

Types of Bladder Neoplasms

Answer 2

1. Benign
   - Papilloma
   - Inverted papilloma
   - Nephrogenic adenoma
2. Malignant
   - Papillary urothelial carcinoma (non-invasive)
   - Invasive urothelial carcinoma
   - Squamous call carcinoma
   i. Common in middle east due to frequent bladder infections (e.g. schistosomiasis) causing squamous metaplasia of bladder mucosa)
   - Adenocarcinoma