9. Asymmetric information - Moral Hazard Flashcards
What is Moral Hazard?
A pervasive problem that arises in markets when there is a post-contractual information asymmetry about an action
Give examples of Moral Hazrad
Moral hazard and the principal agent problem
What are the conditions that need to be satisfied for moral hazard to be expected?
What are the 2 instances in which the principal can observe the agent?
* Full information
* Asymmetric information case
Decision making for the agent
Step by step
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Principal Agent model assumptions
Principal Agent Model: What are the assumptions about the agent?
Principal Agent Model:
What are the indifference curves (Expected utility) for the principal?
* When the agent has high effort
* When the agent has low effort
What is the principals indifference curve?
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What are the agent’s indifference curves
* High effort
* Low effort
What are the indifference curves of the agent?
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Contract design
* What is it called when the agent is observed and what happes to efforts?
* What is it called when the agent is not observed and what happens to efforts?
* What does the principal offer the agent?
* What are the considerations when the principal designs the contract?
Participation constraint
* What is the participation constraint?
* What is the constraint for hard-working and lazy agent?
Full information case utility curve
In the full information case, what are the decisions of the principal
* Wages to high and low effort
* What determines whether they require high or low effort?
* Whya re wages not conditioned on profit level?
Why can the full information contract not be optimal under Asymmetric information?
What is the contract that the principal offers under asymmetric information case?
Participation constraints under asymmetric information case:
* Participation constraint
* Incentive compatability constraint
The work of Leonid Hurwicz
Asymmetric information utility curves and the wages offered
Asymmetric information
* Risk for principal
* Consequences for the princial
Asymmetric information
* Agency cost on a diagram
Under Asymmetric information, what are the decisions for the principal?
Why is x imperfect
What is the agency cost?
Risk sharing
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Where is there a trade off in the Asymmetric information case?
Does the optimal contract achieve Pareto efficiency under the Asymmetric information case?
Any exceptions?
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What are the exceptions for the poor outcome for the principal in the Asymmetric information case?
Equity
* What is the impact of inequality?
* What is equity-efficiency trade off?
* Reducing moral hazard
The work of Fernie and Metcalf: Performance related pay
Collateral
Monitoring
Evidence of moral hazard:
* Uber and Taxis
Top section of slide 42
What if team members were paid based on effort?
* Full information
What are team members paid if they in an Asymmetric information case?
Moral hazard in teams
* Why is their moral hazard?
* Positive externality
How to mitigate Moral hazard in teams?
Intrinsic motivation
* Motivation crowding out
Why might effort be crowded out?
Consequences of intrisc motivation
* Non-monetary incentives
* Mission oriented
Lazear (2018)
What kinds of incentive pay schemes exist?
- Piece rate (This is an example of performance related pay)
- Bonuses and promotions as motivators
Lazear (2018)
What are tournament incentives? When can they be used?
- Worker who does best recives a promotion
- Based on relative performance
- Incentivises young workers
- Disparity of wages between those above and below should incentivse effort
- Agent May encourage more risk taking in order to win tournament
- May be demotivated if there are a large number of candidates
Lazear (2018)
What are team-based incentives? When will they be used?
- If the worker was paid piece rate based, then they would have no incentive to help others.
- They are paid partly on the basis of the team output, the worker will now help others
Lazear (2018)
What are career incentives and how do they limit moral hazard?
- Experience and earnings are positively correlated, therefore underpay younger people to incentivise the old who tend to become less productive as they age.
- Requires monitoring
Lazear (2018)
When is intrinsic motivation used rather than monetary incentives?
- Charitable contributions
- Volunteer work
- Household work: Rewards are given by immediate family.
- Alturism
- Enjoyment
- Positive work culture