9. Astrophysics Flashcards
What is the axis of symmetry called?
The principal axis
What is the principal focus?
A point on the axis which is the same distance from the optical centre as the focal length. This is where light rays travelling parallel to the principal axis prior to refraction converge.
Define focal length
The distance between the centre of the lens and the principle focus
What does ‘u’ represent in lens diagrams and equations?
The distance between the object and the centre of the lens, u is always positive
What does ‘v’ represent in lens diagrams and equations?
The distance between the image and the centre of the lens, v is positive for real images and negative for virtual images
Draw the ray diagram for an object that is a long way from the lens (beyond 2F) and describe the image’s appearance
The image is real and inverted but smaller than the object - this is called diminished
6.
Draw the ray diagram for an object that is very close to the lens and describe the image’s appearance
The image is virtual and upright but bigger than the object - this is called magnified
7.
Draw the ray diagram for an object that is fairly close to the lens (Between f and 2f) to the lens and describe the image’s appearance
The image is real and inverted but bigger than the object - this is called magnified
8.
Draw the ray diagram for an object that is at 2f and describe the image’s appearance
The image is real and inverted but the same size
9.
What does normal adjustment in a telescope look like?
10.
Give the formula for angular magnification in normal adjustment
M = angle subtended by image at eye ÷ angle subtended by object at unaided eye
Can also be written as M = 𝛼 / ß
State the equation that relates M to the focal length for objective and eyepiece lenses
M = fo / fe
This can only be used if both angles from M = 𝛼 / 𝛽 are less than 10º
How does an astronomical refracting telescope work?
There are two converging lenses, the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The role of the objective lens is to collect light and create a real image of a distant object. This image is then magnified by the eyepiece lens, which produces a virtual image (formed at infinity so as to reduce eye strain when looking between the object and the telescope image).
What is chromatic aberration?
A lens refracts different colours of light by different amounts as they have different wavelengths. This causes the image for each colour to form in a slightly different position, causing coloured fringes around the image
What is spherical aberration?
When light is focused in different places due to the curvature of a lens or mirror, causing image blurring. This can be resolved in reflecting telescopes by using a parabolic mirror.
Describe a solution to chromatic and spherical aberration in lenses.
Using an achromatic doublet brings all rays of light into focus in the same position by using a convex lens and a concave lens of different types of glass cemented together.
State 3 advantages of reflecting telescopes
- There is very little chromatic aberration (only in the eyepiece lens, but this can be resolved by using an achromatic doublet)
- Simpler to increase the size of the objective since mirrors can be supported from behind and are lighter than lenses
- Using parabolic mirrors stops spherical aberration
What happens when you increase the size of the objective lens/mirror?
Increasing the diameter of the objective means you can observe fainter objects. This is because collecting power is proportional to (objective diameter)^2
Define the Rayleigh Criterion
‘Two objects will be just resolved if the centre of the diffraction pattern of one image coincides with the first minimum of the other’.
θ ≈ λ / D
What is apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude?
Apparent magnitude (m): how bright the star appears from Earth
Absolute magnitude (M): how bright the star would appear if it were placed 10 parsecs from Earth.
m-M=5log(d/10) (where d = distance from Earth)
What is the Hipparcos scale?
The Greek astronomer Hipparchus catalogued stars, defining their brightness in terms of apparent magnitudes (m), with brightest stars a magnitude of 1 and the faintest a magnitude of 6.
The scale has since been extended to include brighter objects (like the Sun, with an m of -26.47) and fainter objects that were discovered with the invention of the telescope.
Define parsec
The distance to an object that subtends an angle of one arcsecond (1/3600th of a degree) to the line that runs from the centre of the Earth to the centre of the Sun
Define light year
A light year is the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in one year. In metres this is 9.46 x 1015 m (speed of light multiplied by the number of seconds in a year)
State Stefan’s law
The power output of a star is directly proportional to its surface area and it’s (absolute temperature)^4
P = σ A T^4, where A = surface area (m^2), T = temperature (K) and σ = the Stefan constant = 5.67 x 10^-8 W m^-2 K^-4