8. Nuclear Physics Flashcards
Describe the Rutherford scattering experiment.
● A beam of alpha particles was directed at a thin gold foil.
● Occurs in a vacuum so that no collisions between air particles and alpha particles can occur.
● The experiment was done in order to determine structure of an atom
In the Rutherford scattering experiment it was observed that most of the alpha particles passed straight through. What can we infer from that?
That most of the atom is made from empty space.
What evidence was there that suggested that the nucleus had a positive charge?
Because the the nucleus repels the alpha particles and caused it to deflect from its original path, some of them even bounced back.
Name 3 types of radiation?
● Alpha
● Beta (plus and minus)
● Gamma
Order Alpha, Gamma and Beta radiation starting with the most ionising?
● Alpha
● Beta
● Gamma
Order Alpha, Gamma and Beta radiation
starting with the most penetrating?
● Gamma
● Beta
● Alpha
A sheet of paper can block which type of radiation?
Alpha radiation.
This equation represents which process?
🇦 . . . . 0 . . . . .🇦
🇿 X + -1 e ⟶ 🇿-1 γ + Ve
Electron capture.
When a nucleus decays through gamma radiation, how does the atomic number and mass number change?
They remain the same as the number of protons and neutrons remain the same.
Why is ionising radiation seen as dangerous?
Because it can kill or mutate cells, which could lead to mutations and lead to things such as cancer.
Which radiation is more harmful inside a human body, alpha or gamma?
Alpha radiation - because it has a high ionising power so it would damage more cells. It is also very poorly penetrating, therefore it is not be able to leave the body, whereas gamma radiation is highly penetrating.
Give an example of a real life use of Beta decay and explain why Beta is chosen for this.
Beta radiation can be used to measure the thickness of paper or aluminium foil. Alpha isn’t used as it is less penetrative and wouldn’t reach the detector on the other side of the sheet. Gamma radiation is too penetrative and would pass through everything.
Which type of radiation follows the inverse square law?
Gamma radiation.
What does the inverse square law state?
The intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source.
What is intensity measured in?
Measured in watts per square meter (W/m^2).
Describe an experiment which be used to show the inverse square law and gamma rays.
● Firstly measure background radiation (using Geiger Muller tube), without the gamma source in the room
● Then put the gamma source at a set distance (1m) from the GM tube and measure the count rate per minute. Record 3 measurements for each distance and take an average.
● Do this for many distances going up in 10cm intervals
● Take away the background radiation from each reading
● Square each of the distances
● Plot a graph of the count rate per minute against 1 over distance squared (1/d²)
● If it is a straight line through the origin then it confirms they are directly proportional
What is background radiation?
Radiation that is constantly in the surroundings from sources such as rocks and food.
What is the decay constant (𝜆)?
The probability of a nucleus decaying per second.
What are the units for the decay constant (𝜆)?
s^(-1)
What is half life?
The time it takes for half of the unstable nuclei in a substance to decay.