9: Adrenal Hormones - Schmidt

Question 1

function of adrenal glands

Answer 1

coordinating response to short and long term stress

Question 2

three stress response pathways

Answer 2

humoral
neuronal
renin-angiostensin pathway

Question 3

activated in response to long term stress

Answer 3

humoral pathway –> glucocorticoids –> conserve glucose

Question 4

short term stress –>

Answer 4

neuronal pathway –> epi and NE–> heart output, respiration and glycogen mobilization

Question 5

activated by stress through elevated levels of NE –>

Answer 5

renin angiotensin pathway –> production of aldosterone –> increased sodium uptake and rise in blood pressure

Question 6

glucocorticoids are released from

Answer 6

zona fasiculata

Question 7

glucocorticoid levels are naturally high …

Answer 7

in the morning due to rhythmic pattern generated by serotonergic neurons (circadian)

Question 8

CRH –> ACTH –>

Answer 8

ACTH binds to a Gs –> pregenolone and progesterone are generated; cortisol released into bloodstream

Question 9

cortisol travels through the blood stream

Answer 9

bound to CBG

Question 10

general effects of glucocorticoids

Answer 10

conservation of glucose

• inhibits glucose uptake by adipose tissue
• induced catabolism of prtns into aa that can be converted into glucose by the liver

Question 11

prolonged effects of high levels of glucocorticoids

Answer 11

muscle waste
immunodeficiency
cell death

Question 12

where is renin produced?

Answer 12

macula densa of kidneys

renin is necessary for angiotensinogen –> angiotensin I

Question 13

Angiotensin II and angiotensin III stimulate…

Answer 13

aldosterone production in the andrenal cortex

ACTH provides additional stimulus for aldosterone production

Question 14

overproduction of cortisol manifests as

Answer 14

cushings disease

caused by pituitary tumor that leads to elevated secretion of ACTH

Question 15

overproduction of mineralocorticoids in cushing’s disease leads to…

Answer 15

• reduced potassium levels
• causes weakness
• sodium retention
• high blood pressure

Question 16

underproduction of cortisol and aldosterone causes …

Answer 16

Addison’s disease

caused by adrenal destruction

Question 17

addisonian shock

Answer 17

person with long-standing adrenal insufficiency is exposed to stress, leading to acute onset of addison’s disease

Question 18

treatment addisonian shock

Answer 18

large intravenous doses of cortisol

fluid replacement and antibiotics

Question 19

potential cause of adrenal hyperplasia

Answer 19

decreased levels of cortisol due to enzymatic gene defects –> no inhibitory feedback –> high ACTH –> adrenal cortex grows!

Question 20

hormone levels of cushings v. addisons

Answer 20

C: high glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids caused by high ACTH

A: low glucocorticoids and low mineralocorticoids, high ACTH and MSH due to loss of feedback

Question 21

moon face, DM, thin skin, poor wound healing, etc.

Answer 21

cushing’s disease

Question 22

pigmentation of the skin

Answer 22

addision’s disease

Question 23

a-adrenergic receptors cause…

b-adrenegic receptors cause..

Answer 23

influx of calcium ions into cytoplasm

stimulate adenylate cyclase, causing rise in cytoplasmic cAMP

Question 24

**effects of epi on muscle, heart, salivary glands, adipose tissue and liver

Answer 24

muscle - lgycolysis and glycogenolysis
heart - increases contraction force
salivary gland - amylase secretion
adipose tissue - breakdown of storage triglycerides
liver - glycogen degradation and glucose export

Question 25

episodes of epi hypersecretion by pheochromocytomas –>

Answer 25

hypertension

Question 26

zona glomeruloas –>

Answer 26

aldosterone

Question 27

zona fasciculata –>

Answer 27

cortisol, DHEA

Question 28

zona reticularis –>

Answer 28

DHEA (precursor for sex hormones)

Question 29

medulla –>

Answer 29

epi (and NE, but mostly epi)

Question 30

pregenolone and progesterone are both precursors to…

Answer 30

cortisol

see slide 8 for pathway

Question 31

synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone are ____ and ______ pathways

Answer 31

parallel
linked

see slide 10

Question 32

how are steroids antiinflammatory?

Answer 32

• synthesis of lipocrticin or annexin 1 –> inhibits production of arachidonic acid
• repression of COX –> inhibits synthesis of prostaglandins

Question 33

ACTH stimulation test would be administer for what?

Answer 33

addison’s disease

administration of ACTH should increase cortisol, will not in addison’s

Question 34

review slide 15

Answer 34

differences between cushings and addisons