3: Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Glands- Canby

Question 1

where does the pituitary gland reside?

Answer 1

saddle-shaped depression of the sphenoid bone - sella turcica

Question 2

superior to pituitray gland; inferior to pituitary gland

Answer 2

diaphragma sellae/hypothalamus;

sella turcica

Question 3

lateral to pituitary gland

Answer 3

cavernous sinuses

Question 4

anteroinferior; anterosuperior to pituitary gland

Answer 4

sphenoid sinus

optic chiasm

Question 5

what happens with empty sella syndrome?

Answer 5

usually asymptomatic but may result in hypopituitarism

Question 6

2 parts of neurohypophysis =

Answer 6

pars nervosa

infundibulum

Question 7

3 parts of adenohypophysis

Answer 7

pars distalis
pars tuberalis
pars intermedia

Question 8

posterior lobe=

anterior lobe =

Answer 8

pars nervosa

pars distalis

Question 9

superior hypophysial arteries issues from

Answer 9

internal carotid and anterior and posterior cerebral arteriors

Question 10

inferior hypophysial arteries issue from

Answer 10

internal carotids

supplies pars nervosa

Question 11

this capillary plexus collects oxytocin and vasopressin

Answer 11

inferior hypophysial arteries

Question 12

connects the superior and inferior hypophysial aa

Answer 12

trabecular a

Question 13

what capillary plexus receives releasing and inhibitory hormones from the hypothalamus?

Answer 13

primary capillary plexus formed by superior hypophysial aa

Question 14

acidophils that secrete GH

Answer 14

somatotropes

most frequent cell type

Question 15

acidophils that secrete prolactin

Answer 15

mammotropes

rare acidophilic stem cells are present in the normal pituitary that are capable of synthesizing and secreting both GH and prolactin

Question 16

basophils that secrete ACTH and B-lipotropic hormone

Answer 16

corticotropes

Question 17

basophils that secrete LH and FSH

Answer 17

gonadotropes

many synthesize both LH and FSH, but some only synthesize one or the other

Question 18

basophils that secrete TSH

Answer 18

thyrotropes

Question 19

histology of pars intermedia

Answer 19

small cystic cavities filled with colloid

parenchymal cells - basophils and chromophobes

Question 20

histology of pars tuberalis

Answer 20

highly vascular - contains veins of the hypothalamohypophysial portal system

Question 21

what are the parenchymal cells of the pars tuberalis?

Answer 21

basophils producing ACTH, LH and FSH

Question 22

where do the cell bodies of the neurohypophysis reide?

Answer 22

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the posterior hypothalamus

Question 23

supporting cells of the neurohypohysis

Answer 23

pituicytes

Question 24

dilatations along the axons containing ADH and oxytoxin

Answer 24

herring bodies

Question 25

ACTH-secreting pituitary gland tumors

Answer 25

cushing's disease

Question 26

the outer cortex is derived from... the inner medulla is derived from...

Answer 26

mesoderm | neural crest cells of neuroectoderm

Question 27

what three arteries supply the adrenal gland?

Answer 27

1. superior suprarenal a. (inferior phrenic) 2. middle suprarenal a. (aorta) 3. inferior suprarenal a. (renal) IPAR

Question 28

medullarly veins --> suprarenal v --> (R) side

Answer 28

IVC the right suprarenal vein is particularly short

Question 29

medullarly veins --> suprarenal v --> (L) side

Answer 29

left renal vein

Question 30

'Y" on CT imaging

Answer 30

left adrenal gland the right is a mercedes sign

Question 31

three zones of the cortex

Answer 31

glomerulosa fasciculata reticularis

Question 32

what zone of the cortex secretes mineralcorticoids, principally aldosterone?

Answer 32

glomerulosa

Question 33

what zone of the cortex secretes glucocorticoid, primarily cortisol, and small amounts of androgens?

Answer 33

fasciculata

Question 34

what zone secretes chiefly androgens and small amounts of glucocorticoids?

Answer 34

reticularis

Question 35

effects of cortisol

Answer 35

- blood glucose increased - blood amino acids elevated - cellular use of glucose is decreased - increased mobilization of fatty acids from adipocyte - reduction in fever and lymphocytes

Question 36

chromaffin cells =

Answer 36

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 37

chromaffin cells secrete

Answer 37

primarily epinephrine and some norepinephrine

Question 38

the conversion of NE to Epi is dependent on...

Answer 38

PNMT - an enzyme activated by cortisol

Question 39

what is organ of zuckerkandl?

Answer 39

medullary tissue located around the abdominal aorta between its bifurcation and the IMA chromaffin cells primarily produce NE with small amounts of Epi

Question 40

excessive ACTH overstimulates the cells in the zonae fasciculate and reticularis resulting in cortical hypertrophy

Answer 40

cushing disease - excessive production of ACTH