9-24 Vertebral Column/Spinal Cord

Question 0

Foramen Transversarium

2) What does bifid mean?

Answer 0

exclusive opening within Transverse processes tht transmit vertebral arteries/veins = HUGE Landmark for locating Cervical VErtebrae

2) bifid = “split”

Question 1

What are the 6 parts of the Vertebrae

2)Describe the order of connection starting from Spinous process

Answer 1

1. Body
2. Spinous process
3. Transverse process Laminae
4. Articular facets/processes
5. Lamina
6. Pedicles

B: SP–(connects to)–>Lamina—>Articular facets–>Pedicles–>BODY which has 2 transverse laminae sticking out

Question 2

1) How many Cervical Vertebrae are there?
2) Describe C1 (____), C2(_____)

3) Which cervical vertebrae has a LONGER spinous process and what is its special name?

Answer 2

1) 7 Cervical Vertebrae
2) C1(ATLAS)=NO body and NO spinous process

C2(axis)= HAS DENS/ODONTOID with bifid spinous process

3) C7=Long spinous Process WITH NO BIFID= Vertebra prominen

Question 3

A: How many Lumbar Vertebrae are there?

B: List 3 main traits of Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 3

A: 5

B:
ºLong, slender transverse processes
ºaccessory processes present
ºArticular facets face medially/laterally

Question 4

A: How many Thoracic Vertebrae are there?
B: List the 3 main traits of TV

Answer 4

A: 12

B:

• Costal facets that articulate ribs
• Articular facets face ANT and POST
• Long Spinous processes project inferiorly

Question 5

A: How many Sacral vertebrae are there?
B: 2 characteristics of SV

Answer 5

A: 5 SV
B: Fused to form sacrum / Possess surface that articulate coxal bones

Question 6

Where are Intervertebral disc found and what are they made of ?

Answer 6

Found C2-L5 and comprised of annulus fibrosus & nucleus pulposus

Question 7

Coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 7

4 INFERIOR vertebrae varying in size BIGGEST to smallest = our “tail”

Question 8

A: What are the 2 PRImary curvatures?
B: 2 Secondary Curvatures?

C: 3 Abnormal Curvatures?

Answer 8

A: 1º = Thoracic / Sacral –>concave anteriorly
B: 2º = Cervical / Lumbar—> concave POSTeriorly “2ºCL-POST”

C: Kyphosis / Lordosis / Scoliosis

Question 9

Describe the 3 Abnormal Curvatures:

1) Kyphosis
2) Lordosis
3) Scoliosis

Answer 9

1) Kyphosis = exaggerated 1º curve (hunch back)
2) Lordosis = exaggerated 2º curve (sway back)

3) Scoliosis = lateral deviation of vertebral columns

Question 10

Describe the 5 Main Ligaments for Vertebrae

Answer 10

1. Supraspinous=continuous w/ligamentum nuchae superiorly
2. Interspinous=connects 2 spinous processes
3. Ligamentum flavum=connects 2 Lamina
4. POST longitudinal Ligaments=covers superior surface of vertebral body
5. Anterior longitudinal = covers INFerior surface of vertebral body

Question 11

The ___Vertebrae are the only group that has nerves located both ABOVE and BELOW each vertebrae

Answer 11

CERVICAL VERTEBRAE have nerves above AND below
vs.
other vertebrae tht only have nerves BELOW vertebrae

Question 12

What supplies blood to the Vertebrae?

Answer 12

small osseus branches from spinal arteries

Question 13

Describe Spinal Cord Anatomy [4]

Answer 13

1. Caudal continuation of the brain
2. Descends vertebral canal
3. Enlargements in cervical & lumbar regions
4. Tapers off into a [conus medullaris] at L1-L2 in Adults

Question 14

The Meninges have 3 Layers (___—>____—>____)

*Describe the iNNer most layer

Answer 14

[[ pia–>subArachnoid/Arachnoid—>DURA ]]

*most iNNER= pia = close to spinal cord / dentate ligament lateral extensions between nerve roots / continues inferiorly as the [filum terminal internum ]

Question 15

The Meninges have 3 Layers (___—>____—>____)

*Describe the Middle layers

Answer 15

[[ pia–>subArachnoid/Arachnoid—>DURA ]]

*subArachnoid/Arachnoid = thin & delicate layers that house subarachoid space which contains CSF

Question 16

Filum Terminal Internum

Answer 16

delicate fiber of pia that sits downward the conus medullaris & descends to coccyx, anchoring and giving longitudinal support to spinal cord

Question 17

1) Where does the C1 spinal nerve exit?
2) Where does C8 spinal nerve exit

3) Where is the Dural sac terminated?

Answer 17

1) C1 nerve exits ABOVE THE C1 VERTEBRAE
2) C8 exits below C7 vertebrae …c/w all Cervical vertebrae have nerves above & below
3) Dural Sac terminated immediately below S2

Question 18

The Meninges have 3 Layers (___—>____—>____)

*Describe Dura Mater [2]

Answer 18

[[ pia–>subArachnoid/Arachnoid—>DURA ]]

DURA=
1)TOUGH, OUTER protector housing subdural & epidural space(contains internal vertebral venous plexus).

2) Continues inferiorly as filum terminale externum AKA coccygeal ligament

Question 19

1) Name how the 31 pairs of spinal nerves are grouped [5]
2) Where do MOST of them exit?
3) Explain why the Cauda Equina/(___ __) is so important

4) Which ganglia are Spinal nerves connected to ?

Answer 19

1) 8 Cervical / 12 Thoracic / 5 Lumbar / 5 Sacral/ 1 coccygeal
2) MOST exit thru intervertebral foramen [ALL EXCEPT C1 nerve]

3) Vertebral canal CE allows lumbar & sacral regions to get nerve innervation since spinal cord STOPS at L1-L2!
CE = “horse tail”

4) Sympathetic Chain Ganglia

Question 20

Dermatome

Answer 20

Specific region of spinal nerve innervation by the dorsal & ventral rami combined <—–caused by segmental body development

Question 21

What arteries supply blood to the Spinal Cord?

2) What happens as these arteries go down further on the cord?

Answer 21

superior vertebral branched arteries ( —> anterior & posterior spinal arteries)

2) ant and post spinal arteries receive blood from [radicular arteries] derived from other spinal artery branches in the proximity

Question 22

Venous drainage is ____& _____ freely thru _____ channels

Answer 22

Venous drainage is EXTENSIVE & COMMUNICATES freely thru VALVELESS channels

Question 23

A: External venous plexus location

B: Internal venous plexus location
C: Basivertebral Veins location

Answer 23

A: EVP=lies EXTERNAL to verterbrae

B: ivp = lies WITHIN vertebral canal IN epidural space

C: BV= lie within BODIES of VERTEBRAE

Question 24

What is a key note to remember regarding Dermatome locations?

Answer 24

Even with good nerve innervation maps, THERE IS CONSIDERABLE OVERLAP BETWEEN ANY 2 ADJACENT DERMATOMES

Question 25

Where does the Dorsal Root Ganglia sit?

Answer 25

bulging area tht sits OUTSIDE spinal column, literally Proximal to spinal column

Question 26

SubOccipital Nerve (__ ____ ___) is located within the ____and is ____ ONLY!

2)What are the 4 muscles this nerve innervates?

Answer 26

SuBOccipital Nerve (Dorsal Ramus C1) is located within the SubOccipital triangle (innervating all 3 triangle muscles + 1 )and is MOTOR only!

2) Rectus capitis posterior MAJOR and minor /
Obliquus capitis SUPERIOR and inferior

Question 27

What dermatome region innervates the pinky and ring finger?

Answer 27

C8

Question 28

1) Dermatome region for Thumb
2) Dermatome region for genitals
3) Dermatome for OUTER SIDE FOOT
4) Dermatome for 1st four toes

5) Dermatome for Base of Neck?
6) Dermatome for Clavicles
7) Dermatome for Nipples

8) Where does the Cervical dermatome area come to an end?

Answer 28

1) Thumb= C6
2) genitals = S2 & S3
3) OUTER SIDE FOOT = S1
4) 1st four toes= L4

5) Neck BASE = C4

6) Clavicle = C5
7) Nipples = T4

8) Cervical Dermatome (C5) ends right where ur tattoo is

Question 29

Where is the Vertebral Artery located?

Answer 29

Above posterior arch of C1 deep within the SubOccipital triangle

Question 31

1) What supplies blood to the muscles of the SubOccipital triangle?
2) Which muscles are actually in this SubOccipital triangle?

Answer 31

1) regular ole OCCIPITAL ARTERY gives blood to SubOccipital triangle
2) Rectus capitis posterior MAjor/ Obliquus capitis SUP/Obliquus capitis inferior

Question 32

*Levatores Costarum

**Where are they located?

*What nerve innervates this?

Answer 32

*1 of the 3 muscle groups acting on ribs(respiration)
= elevating ribs.
[along with both groups of Serratus POST ]

**Located on vertebrae transverse processes

*Innervated by Spinal DORSAL Rami