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FOM Quiz 3 > 9/17 Respiratory System Histology > Flashcards

9/17 Respiratory System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are functions of the airways?

A

filter warm moisten; rmeove pathogesn particulates; conduct th air; exchnage oxygen and co2

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2
Q

what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract

A

sphenoidal sinus fonatl sinus nasal cavity pharynx

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3
Q

what is the lower repiratory tract

A

layrnx trachea bronchi lungs

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4
Q

what are the functional zones of the respiratory system?

A

conducting zone; Respiratory Zone (just the very ends where gas exchange occurs)

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5
Q

what is funciton of upper resp.

A

warm and humidify the air; remove and trap pathogens and particulate matter form the air.

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6
Q

the air passage between the pharynx and trachea

A

Larynx

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7
Q

what is the structure of the larynx

A

rigid wall for protection reinforced by cartilage; (highly complex structure and function)

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8
Q

what is the funciton of the larynx?

A

to participate in sound production, provide a hard protective layer.

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9
Q

what is another name for the lower repiratory tract

A

bronchial tree

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10
Q

list the divisions of the lower respiratory tract form the superior down

A

Trachia; Primary bronchus; secondary bronchus; tertiary bronchi; smaller bronchi; bronchioles; terminal bronchiole; respiratory bronchiole; alveoli

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11
Q

descripte the trachea

A

16 -20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, 4-5 inches long; 1 inch in diameter; larynx to carina area.

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12
Q

name and describe the layers of the trachea

A

Inside is the lumen, then surrounded by epithelial, then surround that with glands, and then have a layer of cartilage in a ‘c’ shape, and a back layer of muscle conected to the edges of the cartilage.

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13
Q

what is the mucosa layer of the trachea?

A

the epithelial layer and the lamina propria under the basement layer (together this is the mucosa)

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14
Q

describe the epithelium

A

respritory epithelium is psuedostratisfied collomnar ciliated epithelial; with goblet cells and basal cells (stem cells).

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15
Q

what is important of the basal cell?

A

they are the stem cells at the bottom of the layer.

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16
Q

what is the terminal bar?

A

the junctional complex at the top of the cell

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17
Q

what are the cells of the Trachea - Mucosa?

A

Mucous Goble Cell, Basal Cell, Ciliated columnar cell. (equal split)

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18
Q

what derive form the lamina propria?

A

the elastic fibers; the trachial seromucoous glands the C shaped cartilage rings and the trachealis muscle.

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19
Q

what is the seromucous glands?

A

Mixed glands: Serous (humidify air) Mucous glands (trap padrticles); Cilea Tranasporst particles towardss the pharnx

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20
Q

what does the C-shaped ring do?

A

stabilize trahea while maintaing racheal rigidity; reistant to compression but some elasticity so can expand and lenthen during breathing

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21
Q

where is the open part of the C? in the cartlage ring?

A

in the back of the trachea

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22
Q

Why is the tracheal ring a c-shaped

A

if it is not it restricts breathing and swallowing, and puts people into resp. distress

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23
Q

what must the trachealis muscle do for swallowing?

A

they must contract to allow swallowing!

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24
Q

how does the appeareance of the epithelium of the conducitn airways change as move deeper into the bronchial tree?

A

epithelium hieght and complexiety changes (changes to simple colomnar and fewer celiated).

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25
Q

how does the cartilage change as you go deeper in the conductive airways?

A

the cadrtilage drings are replaced by isolated blocks or rirrelgular blatdes

26
Q

how does the muscle trachealis change as deeper in teh airway?

A

the muscle is replaced with bundles of smooth muscle thada spiral around the airways.

27
Q

how does the amoutn of catilage elastic fibers and SM glads and goble change as go down?

A

The cadrtilage, glands, goblet,cells, and height of epithelial cells go down; smooth muscles, elastic tissue, and bronchus associeated lymphatic tissue GO UP!

28
Q

Why do we have the lymphatic tissue in the lower bronchia tree?

A

to provide some imune response and protection where there is no cilia and less mucus

29
Q

how does the epijthelium change in the lower bronchus?

A

they get shoreter and lose the celia

30
Q

list the conductive airway sections

A

trachia, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole

31
Q

what are the hall marks of Bronchioles

A

End of conduciton; some ciliated cells, club cells (non-ciliated, secretory granules); No cartilage!

32
Q

What are Club cells

A

bronchiolar exocrine cells/

33
Q

what is the job of club cells?

A

protect the bronchiolar epithelium; detoxification

34
Q

how do club cells accomplish their job?

A

secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines.

35
Q

what is the unique and non defensive purpose of club cells?

A

they are stem cell population as well!

36
Q

what is the biological cauce of astham

A

mucosal edema, thickening of the basement membrane, hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and infiltration of immune cells (compounded by SM contraction)

37
Q

hyperontraction of smooth muscle compounds what disease?

A

Asthma

38
Q

where is the respiradtory system would hyperontractionof smooth musce be the most brolematic and why

A

the broncholi, sicne there is no cartlige to hold the airway open.

39
Q

what are the divisions of the transition zone.

A

Terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

40
Q

Where does respiration start in the lungs?

A

in the respiratory bronchiole, after the terminal bronchiole.

41
Q

how does the epithelia change as we transition from conduction to respiration?

A

the epithelial gets much smaller and thinner!

42
Q

what is the Aveolar duct?

A

the transition area from the conduction to the repiration in the alveoli, caharaterized by very thin epithelial development and a branching and widening shape.

43
Q

descrige the alveoli

A

structural and functional unit of the lung; specialize for gas exchange, 300million/ lung increase surface are for gas exchange

44
Q

what is the structure of alveoli?

A

thin-walled sacs; separated by interalveolar septum, connectedby alviolar pores.

45
Q

what is the purpose of the alvioalar pores?

A

they allow the transfer of immune cells etc.

46
Q

what is the draw back of the alvioalar pores?

A

allow the transfer of infection

47
Q

alviolar cell types?

A

Type I pheumocytes (alveolar cells); type II pheumocyte (alveolar cell); Dust cell

48
Q

what do the Type I Pneumocytes (alveolar cells) do?

A

Air/gas exhange;

49
Q

describe the type I alveolar cells

A

95% of alveolar cell surface; extemely thin, flattened cells, joined by tight junctions

50
Q

how to determine the Type I cells

A

Type 1 is low and flat and joined by tight junctions

51
Q

Type II pneumocytes__ Purose?

A

Produce surfacctant

52
Q

what is the purpose of surfactan?

A

they reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages the alveolar collapse on exhalation, and allow them to open with a lower force

53
Q

what is surfactand?

A

detergent like lipid and proein complx produced by the type II pneumocytes

54
Q

what if less surfactant at birth?

A

insufficient in infants causes infat repiratory distress syndrom.

55
Q

describe the Type II pneumocytes

A

large, cuboidal cells that funcion as stem cells

56
Q

describe dust cells in the lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

57
Q

how to tell the differnce in the dust cells and the type II pneumocytes?

A

macrophages will be more in the airway, and the macrophages have a lot of very dark particles or granules in them.

58
Q

what are the three components of the blood air barires

A

endothelial cell; fused basal laminae; type I pneumocyte cell.

59
Q

whadt is the thickness of the blood-air barrier

A

1.5 microns

60
Q

which way does oxygen/CO2 move in the avioli?

A

Oxygen move into the cappilary, and CO2 movex into the avioli

61
Q

Really good review slide!!

A

h

FOM Quiz 3 (7 decks)

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