9/17 Respiratory System Histology

Question 1

what are functions of the airways?

Answer 1

filter warm moisten; rmeove pathogesn particulates; conduct th air; exchnage oxygen and co2

Question 2

what are the parts of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

sphenoidal sinus fonatl sinus nasal cavity pharynx

Question 3

what is the lower repiratory tract

Answer 3

layrnx trachea bronchi lungs

Question 4

what are the functional zones of the respiratory system?

Answer 4

conducting zone; Respiratory Zone (just the very ends where gas exchange occurs)

Question 5

what is funciton of upper resp.

Answer 5

warm and humidify the air; remove and trap pathogens and particulate matter form the air.

Question 6

the air passage between the pharynx and trachea

Answer 6

Larynx

Question 7

what is the structure of the larynx

Answer 7

rigid wall for protection reinforced by cartilage; (highly complex structure and function)

Question 8

what is the funciton of the larynx?

Answer 8

to participate in sound production, provide a hard protective layer.

Question 9

what is another name for the lower repiratory tract

Answer 9

bronchial tree

Question 10

list the divisions of the lower respiratory tract form the superior down

Answer 10

Trachia; Primary bronchus; secondary bronchus; tertiary bronchi; smaller bronchi; bronchioles; terminal bronchiole; respiratory bronchiole; alveoli

Question 11

descripte the trachea

Answer 11

16 -20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings, 4-5 inches long; 1 inch in diameter; larynx to carina area.

Question 12

name and describe the layers of the trachea

Answer 12

Inside is the lumen, then surrounded by epithelial, then surround that with glands, and then have a layer of cartilage in a ‘c’ shape, and a back layer of muscle conected to the edges of the cartilage.

Question 13

what is the mucosa layer of the trachea?

Answer 13

the epithelial layer and the lamina propria under the basement layer (together this is the mucosa)

Question 14

describe the epithelium

Answer 14

respritory epithelium is psuedostratisfied collomnar ciliated epithelial; with goblet cells and basal cells (stem cells).

Question 15

what is important of the basal cell?

Answer 15

they are the stem cells at the bottom of the layer.

Question 16

what is the terminal bar?

Answer 16

the junctional complex at the top of the cell

Question 17

what are the cells of the Trachea - Mucosa?

Answer 17

Mucous Goble Cell, Basal Cell, Ciliated columnar cell. (equal split)

Question 18

what derive form the lamina propria?

Answer 18

the elastic fibers; the trachial seromucoous glands the C shaped cartilage rings and the trachealis muscle.

Question 19

what is the seromucous glands?

Answer 19

Mixed glands: Serous (humidify air) Mucous glands (trap padrticles); Cilea Tranasporst particles towardss the pharnx

Question 20

what does the C-shaped ring do?

Answer 20

stabilize trahea while maintaing racheal rigidity; reistant to compression but some elasticity so can expand and lenthen during breathing

Question 21

where is the open part of the C? in the cartlage ring?

Answer 21

in the back of the trachea

Question 22

Why is the tracheal ring a c-shaped

Answer 22

if it is not it restricts breathing and swallowing, and puts people into resp. distress

Question 23

what must the trachealis muscle do for swallowing?

Answer 23

they must contract to allow swallowing!

Question 24

how does the appeareance of the epithelium of the conducitn airways change as move deeper into the bronchial tree?

Answer 24

epithelium hieght and complexiety changes (changes to simple colomnar and fewer celiated).

Question 25

how does the cartilage change as you go deeper in the conductive airways?

Answer 25

the cadrtilage drings are replaced by isolated blocks or rirrelgular blatdes

Question 26

how does the muscle trachealis change as deeper in teh airway?

Answer 26

the muscle is replaced with bundles of smooth muscle thada spiral around the airways.

Question 27

how does the amoutn of catilage elastic fibers and SM glads and goble change as go down?

Answer 27

The cadrtilage, glands, goblet,cells, and height of epithelial cells go down; smooth muscles, elastic tissue, and bronchus associeated lymphatic tissue GO UP!

Question 28

Why do we have the lymphatic tissue in the lower bronchia tree?

Answer 28

to provide some imune response and protection where there is no cilia and less mucus

Question 29

how does the epijthelium change in the lower bronchus?

Answer 29

they get shoreter and lose the celia

Question 30

list the conductive airway sections

Answer 30

trachia, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiole

Question 31

what are the hall marks of Bronchioles

Answer 31

End of conduciton; some ciliated cells, club cells (non-ciliated, secretory granules); No cartilage!

Question 32

What are Club cells

Answer 32

bronchiolar exocrine cells/

Question 33

what is the job of club cells?

Answer 33

protect the bronchiolar epithelium; detoxification

Question 34

how do club cells accomplish their job?

Answer 34

secretion of antimicrobial peptides and cytokines.

Question 35

what is the unique and non defensive purpose of club cells?

Answer 35

they are stem cell population as well!

Question 36

what is the biological cauce of astham

Answer 36

mucosal edema, thickening of the basement membrane, hypertrophy of the smooth muscle and infiltration of immune cells (compounded by SM contraction)

Question 37

hyperontraction of smooth muscle compounds what disease?

Answer 37

Asthma

Question 38

where is the respiradtory system would hyperontractionof smooth musce be the most brolematic and why

Answer 38

the broncholi, sicne there is no cartlige to hold the airway open.

Question 39

what are the divisions of the transition zone.

Answer 39

Terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs.

Question 40

Where does respiration start in the lungs?

Answer 40

in the respiratory bronchiole, after the terminal bronchiole.

Question 41

how does the epithelia change as we transition from conduction to respiration?

Answer 41

the epithelial gets much smaller and thinner!

Question 42

what is the Aveolar duct?

Answer 42

the transition area from the conduction to the repiration in the alveoli, caharaterized by very thin epithelial development and a branching and widening shape.

Question 43

descrige the alveoli

Answer 43

structural and functional unit of the lung; specialize for gas exchange, 300million/ lung increase surface are for gas exchange

Question 44

what is the structure of alveoli?

Answer 44

thin-walled sacs; separated by interalveolar septum, connectedby alviolar pores.

Question 45

what is the purpose of the alvioalar pores?

Answer 45

they allow the transfer of immune cells etc.

Question 46

what is the draw back of the alvioalar pores?

Answer 46

allow the transfer of infection

Question 47

alviolar cell types?

Answer 47

Type I pheumocytes (alveolar cells); type II pheumocyte (alveolar cell); Dust cell

Question 48

what do the Type I Pneumocytes (alveolar cells) do?

Answer 48

Air/gas exhange;

Question 49

describe the type I alveolar cells

Answer 49

95% of alveolar cell surface; extemely thin, flattened cells, joined by tight junctions

Question 50

how to determine the Type I cells

Answer 50

Type 1 is low and flat and joined by tight junctions

Question 51

Type II pneumocytes__ Purose?

Answer 51

Produce surfacctant

Question 52

what is the purpose of surfactan?

Answer 52

they reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages the alveolar collapse on exhalation, and allow them to open with a lower force

Question 53

what is surfactand?

Answer 53

detergent like lipid and proein complx produced by the type II pneumocytes

Question 54

what if less surfactant at birth?

Answer 54

insufficient in infants causes infat repiratory distress syndrom.

Question 55

describe the Type II pneumocytes

Answer 55

large, cuboidal cells that funcion as stem cells

Question 56

describe dust cells in the lungs

Answer 56

alveolar macrophages

Question 57

how to tell the differnce in the dust cells and the type II pneumocytes?

Answer 57

macrophages will be more in the airway, and the macrophages have a lot of very dark particles or granules in them.

Question 58

what are the three components of the blood air barires

Answer 58

endothelial cell; fused basal laminae; type I pneumocyte cell.

Question 59

whadt is the thickness of the blood-air barrier

Answer 59

1.5 microns

Question 60

which way does oxygen/CO2 move in the avioli?

Answer 60

Oxygen move into the cappilary, and CO2 movex into the avioli

Question 61

Really good review slide!!

Answer 61

h