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FOM Quiz 3 > 9/15 Embriology > Flashcards

9/15 Embriology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the pharyngeal arches (apparats)

A

the little buldges that occure at the location of the future jaw.

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2
Q

what is antother name for the pharyngeal arches?

A

branchial arches (or apparatus)

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3
Q

describe the topography of the pharyngeal arches

A

5 paired arches, 3 paired grooves (3 & 4 fuse, 5 not form), 5 paired pouches (5 is bud of 4)

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4
Q

another name for the cavity of the fused 3rd and 4th groove

A

Cervical sinus

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5
Q

what structure could contribute the the formation of cysts as the clefts fuse?

A

the cervical sinus.

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6
Q

what gives rise to the lining of the pharynx

A

the endoderm

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7
Q

what cell line gives rise to the surface of the pharyngeal arches

A

the ectoderm

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8
Q

what cell line gives rise to the mesenchyme of the arches of the pharyngeal apparata?

A

the neural crest cells and the mesoderm

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9
Q

The indentations of the pharyngeal arches on the outside of the body

A

Clefts

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10
Q

The indentations on the inside of the pharyngeal arches

A

Pouches

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11
Q

tissue that divides the pouches from the clefts of the pharyngeal arches

A

Closing plates.

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12
Q

the cranial most end of the pharyngeal apparatus

A

the Oropharyngeal membrane

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13
Q

what does the oropharyngeal membrane become?

A

ruptures to become the mouth.

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14
Q

where does the epiglottis form?

A

at the laryngeal orofice (laryngotracheal groove) located about the 4th ridge.

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15
Q

site of formation of the thyroglosssal duct

A

foraman cecum, an opening at below about the first pouch

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16
Q

what does the foramen cecum give rise to?

A

the thyroid gland

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17
Q

extends form the buccopharyngeal membrane to the liver diverticulum

A

the Foregut

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18
Q

where is the pharynx positioned in the foregut?

A

in the cranial most portion of the foregut, up to and including the respiratory diverticulum

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19
Q

what does the 3rd pharangeal arch artery become?

A

the internal and external carotid arteries

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20
Q

what does the 4th pharyngeal arch artery become?

A

the Arch of the Aorta

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21
Q

what does the 6th pharyngeal arch artery become

A

the pulmonary artery.

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22
Q

what does the Pouch 1 of pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

auditory tube, tympanic cavity and membrane.

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23
Q

what does the Pouch 2 of pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

palatine tonsil

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24
Q

what does the Pouch 3 of pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

inferior parathyroid gland, thymus

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25
Q

what does the Pouch 4 of pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

superior parathyroid

26
Q

what does the Pouch 5 of pharyngeal pouches give rise to

A

ultimobranchial body (calcitonin prodicing cells of the thyroid)

27
Q

what happens to the arches 3 and 4?

A

they fuse and arch 2 grows over and occludes them

28
Q

what is the cervical sinus?

A

the area where the 2nd arch grows over and occludes the 3rd and 4th.

29
Q

where does the thymus migrate from?

A

the third pouch! develops as a midline of the lfoor of the pharynx, at about the level of the second phadryngeal pouch.

30
Q

how does the thyroid gland develop?

A

cells of the foramen cecum migrate from the top of the pharyngeal apparatus, down towards the bottom, 3rd pouch cells migrate to inferior, 4th pouch cells migrate to superior.

31
Q

what is the path that is left behind as the thyroid gland migrates

A

the thyroglossal duct.

32
Q

what develops if the thyroglossal duct does not degenerate?

A

the development of a thyroglossal cysts in the midline of the anterior neck.

33
Q

what is the cause of a cyst on the side of the neck?

A

the overgrowth of the second ridge doesn’t quite finish, and there is a cyst or a fistula to the in or outside.

34
Q

why would the tounge get inervation from differnt parts of the body?

A

they develop from different arches of the branchial arches

35
Q

what forms the body of the toungue?

A

the lateral ingual swelling at arch 1 and the tuberculum impar at the bottom of arch 1.

36
Q

what forms the root of the tounge?

A

the 3rd branchial arch.

37
Q

what forms the epiglottis?

A

the 4th arch.

38
Q

where does muscle of toungue come from.

A

occipital somites

39
Q

what is the initial start of the lungs called?

A

the repiratory diverticulum that starts as a brach of the esophagus.

40
Q

what is a common malformation in the development of the lungs from the esophagus?

A

the development of a fistula between the esophagus and the brachia, and/or the development of esophageal atresia

41
Q

what is the mesoderm section that folds in to form the gut tube?

A

the splanchnic mesoderm

42
Q

what is the mesoderm section that folds in to form the outer endoderm layer?

A

the somatic mesoderm.

43
Q

what is the source of visceral pleura?

A

the splanchinic mesoderm

44
Q

what is the source of the parietal pleura

A

the somatic mesoderm

45
Q

what are the number of bronchi branches on the right?

A

primary - 1; secondary - 3; tertiary - 10

46
Q

what are the number of branches of the branchi on the left?

A

primary - 1;; secondary — 2;; Tertiary — 8.

47
Q

how can we know that the branching of the bronchi is very specific?

A

if you remove the esophagus and combine with the spanchnic mesoderm, it will brach in a pietri dish with the right number of branches on each side.

48
Q

what causes the branching of the branchi to develop lungs?

A

FGF; FGFR; and sprouty (natural antagonist of FGF)

49
Q

how does FGF lead to branches?

A

trachia express FGFR, the surrounding mesonchime express FGF, and this will cause sprouting.

50
Q

what regulates or limits the amount of brounching activated by FGF?

A

Sprouty.

51
Q

what other signal molecules could be involved in lung development?

A

SHH/ Bmp4/ Wnt7b

52
Q

what is the 5-16 week phase fo rlung development

A

Pseudoglandular: form terminal bronchioles

53
Q

what is the 16-26 week period for the lungs

A

Canalicular period: terminal bronchioles divide two or more respiratory bronchioles and divide those to 3-6 alveiolar ducts.

54
Q

what is the 26 weeks to birth phase for lungs

A

Terminal sac period: alveoli are associated with capillaries

55
Q

what is the 36 weeks to early childhood period of lung development.

A

Alsveolar period: squamos epitheliulm (type I alveiolar cells) lines alveoli, and capillaries form close contacts with alveoli.

56
Q

what are the fraction of avioli at birth

A

only one sixth the adult number of aveoli are present, the rest come in the next ten years.

57
Q

what is the change that takes place to create the avioli from the terninal sacks

A

the development of the thin squamous epithelium (type I cells) that then tightly associate with the capilairies.

58
Q

what does surfactant do

A

it facilitates inflation of the lungs by reducing surface tension at the air-alveolar interface; phosphoipid rich protein.

59
Q

How to differntiate between the Type I and Type II cells in alveioli?

A

type I is long and thin, and type II is small and cuboidal.

60
Q

what is the importance of type II alveoli cells?

A

secrete serfactant.

FOM Quiz 3 (7 decks)

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