Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EchEM > 9 > Flashcards

9 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the soil composition

A

Minerals
OM
Micro orgs
Gas
Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how mater phases are in soil

A

all 3 phases: solid, liquid and gas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

recognize kaolinite

A

layering of clay

K= silica sheets and aliumia are together, but each sheet is held via string HB

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the physical properties of soil

A

particle size
texture
permeability and permebility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

general pathways by which rocks get transformed into the soil (3)

A

physical
chemical
biological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the components of soil organic matter

A

4 main components are
finely divided material
various lvl of OG matter
water
air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the chemical properties of soil

A

OM
pH
available elements
cation exchange capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are 2 characteristics of colloids

A

large SA and high cation exchange capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are colloids

A

molecule that are larger than atoms but small enough to be undetected by the unaided eye. (1 nano-1 micro)

they do not settle in solution

they still have a lrg SA and are neg charged (clays and humic mat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

base saturation

A

The # of occupied sites by Ca Na K or Mg/ total sites. Looks to show how saturated the surface of a soil particle is by cations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the land composed of

A

rock and soil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is soil

A

the producut of the weathering of rocks which is able to support plant growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the soil horizons

A

O- humus
A- top soil (minerals and OM)
B- sub soil (minerals but low OM)
C- parent mat
D- bed rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which minerals are most abundant in the soil

A

oxygen and silicon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the subcategories of finely divided mineral matter

A

primary
- minerals from their source (quartz)
secondary
-post weathering processes (silicate clays)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the size of clay

A

anything less than 2 micro meters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

montmorillonite

A

M= aluminum layers sandwiched between silica layers. each group is held together via a mix of Ca, Mg and K iconic bonds (via neg clay surface).
this loose bonding allows for the penetration of water easily. this clay will swell and shrink with ease.

18
Q

illite (differences)

A

aluminum layers sandwhiched between silica. Each group is healed together bia ioninc bonds by K only (and the neg clay surface). this is tight, and not water is able to pass

19
Q

what type of “hedron” do silicas form?

A

tetrahedron

20
Q

what type of “hedron” do aluminum form

A

octahedrons

21
Q

physical weathering

A

by temp
erosion via water or wind
plant or animals contribute too

22
Q

chemical weathering

A

hydration
A and B rxn- via CO2 dissolving in H2o
hydrolysis
complexation rxn
redox

23
Q

hydration

A

a chemical weathering porecess where water moles are incorporated into minerals. common is secondary min.

minerals will swell and become deforemd

24
Q

hydrolysis

A

water reactswith a mineral in the presence of an acid, realising ions assaioated ith OG mineral identiy

25
Q

complexation

A

removal of Fe3+ and Al3+ via the formation of soluble complexed while in soil. water will carry away.

26
Q

complexation

A

removal of Fe3+ and Al3+ via the formation of soluble complexes while in soil. water will carry away.

27
Q

biological weathering

A

the weakening od disintegration of rocks by plants, animals, and microbes
-burrowing animals
-root growth
-a symbiotic relationship that microbes have with rocks, promoting the breakdown

28
Q

how can particle size impact soil

A

those that have alot of sand are well drained but have a poor source of nutrients

though those with lots of clay are very dense and don’t drain well. but they have goof nutrient retention

best soilds are a combo

29
Q

soil texture

A

a physical property

the defintion of the type of soil by the proportion of different sized particles

30
Q

permeability

A

a physical property that decrsibes the interconnectedness of the pore of a soil. how well water is male to drain through the soil

31
Q

total elements

A

chemical property

just a list of all elements found in sample

32
Q

OM

A

a chemical property

also described as humus and is composed of three layers
Humin(black)
Humic acids (grey/brown)
Fulvic acids (yellow)

33
Q

available elements

A

those that can be absorbed to taken up by a plant.

determined by mixing soil with an aq solution containing chemicals to displace certain target elements that are supposed to be ready for plants

34
Q

cation exchange capacity

A

most messured property
how well is soil able to hold positively charged nutrients

the absorption of cations to the surface of the soil via electrostatic interactions

35
Q

soil pH

A

basic of they are rich in dolomite (8.7)

acidic if they are rich in humic materials (4.6)

36
Q

problems with soil erosion

A

loss of nut and arable land.

diff to reverse

37
Q

water imbalance problems

A

difficult to sustain productivity
-ehter too dry or water clogging

38
Q

nutrient leaching problems

A

via fluxes of water, soil texture and overall plant cover

can be avoided by plant uptake, high CEC, and soils containing clay

39
Q

acidification problems

A

source from excess Al3+ and Fe2+, microorgs (via resp CO2) and anthropogenic (acid rain)

can be avoided with carbonate buffering

40
Q

salinity issues

A

salts can accumulate near the surface when in regions with low precip and high evap

41
Q

metal contamination issues

A

not Ca, Mg, K or Na
sourced from ore or mining deposited

note that the retention of the pos metals will be determined by the CEC of the soil (common that pH7-8 will retain metals the most, but is the pH drops to 7-4 then the metals can be leached into water systems)

this can contribute to acid mine drainage as a positive feed back loop is often formed via the release of Fe (OH)3 and H2SO4

EchEM (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions