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EchEM > 6 > Flashcards

6 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the techniques used in the purification of drinking water from surface water.

A

Main common ones:
- Coagulation -> Flocculation -> Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Taste and odor control
- Disinfection

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2
Q

Describe the techniques used in the purification of drinking water from groundwater.

A

Main common ones:
- Iron and manganese removal
- Softening
- Arsenic and nitrate removal
- Disinfection

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3
Q

What is Coagulation?

A

Process adding and mixing chemical reagents to water to destabilize colloidal and fine solids suspended in water

Fix turbidity

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4
Q

What is flocculation?

A

Slow stirring promotes agglomeration (clustering) of destabilized particles formed during coagulation.

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5
Q

What is filtration?

A

Filtering water using fine sand, gravel, and anthracite to remove non-settleable flocs that stayed after coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation.

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6
Q

what is a way to remove odor from water samples

A

using an activated carbon filter, like charcoal to remove remaining organic contaminants

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7
Q

how can we soften water

A

by precipitating Ca and Mg out of the water via the addition of phosphate or lime stone

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8
Q

What are the disinfection methods for water?

A

-Membrane technology
- UV radiation
- Chemical methods: Ozonation or Chlorination

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9
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of membrane technology for disinfection methods?

A

Takes long time but is pretty efficient

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10
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of UV light for disinfection methods?

A

Pros:
- Good against microorganisms
- No need for chemicals
- No residue
- User friendly
- Less space

Cons:
- Low doses might nit work against all microorganisms
- High preventive maintenance (Fouling of tubes)
- Turbidity and total suspended solids block light so it can make this less effective (must be filtered to ensure it will work)
- Not cost effective

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11
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ozonation for disinfection methods?

A

Pros:
- O3 generated onsite (convenience)
- Generates radicals in water which can kill bacteria
- Only 10 min of concentrated O3 destroys bacterias and viruses

Cons:
- Energy intensive
- Short-half life and no residual preventive protection

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12
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Chlorination for disinfection methods?

A

Cl2 in water leads to HOCl which goes into cell walls and oxidizes vital stuff for micro orgs
- Chlorine residual left over

Cons:
- Formation of byproducts like haloacetic acids and haloacetonitriles. Also, chlorinated phenols and halomethanes

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13
Q

which is the best disinfection method

A

UV, is the best for all things except for cost.

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14
Q

What’s the difference between municipal water and wastewater treatment?

A

wqater treatment: treating water from natural sources like surface and groundwater

Wastewater treatment: treating water from human waste (water humans have used)

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15
Q

What are the objectives of wastewater treatment?

A

Remove:
- Dissolved biodegradable organics (BOD)
- Suspended solids
- Pathogenic microorganisms
- N and P if eutrophication is a concern

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16
Q

what is screening

A

a pre treatment

to remove large object inorder to protect down stream equipment

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17
Q

what is grit removal

A

a pre-treatment

to remove dirt, sand and stones with other inrog particles
prevent clogging pipes

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18
Q

what is floatation

A

pre-treatment

to remove fast oils and grease (FOG) via air

19
Q

what are the three pre-treatments used

A

screening
grit removal
floatation

20
Q

what is the objective of the primary treatment of wastewater

A

to separate solids from wastewater.

they use a sedimentation tank to remove and settable or floatable solids not extracted during pre-treatment

soluble pollutants will remain

21
Q

how much BOD is removed from primary treatment

A

30%

22
Q

what is the purpose of secondary treatment

A

remove any remaining BOD and COD and TTS (which can be organic or not)

it may also remove some N and P or heavy mental (though this usually needed advanced methods)

23
Q

how is secondary treatment preformed

A

via the use of living micro orgs

either aerobic or anerobic

24
Q

what is the result form using aerobic orgs in secondary treat

A

they will produce CO@ and energy whike increasing thier bio mass in the tanks

25
Q

what is the result from using anaerobic orgs in secondary treat

A

will make CO@ and CH4 while their biomass will likely decrease due to internal organism decay

26
Q

what is the main goal in the aeration tanks (used for secondary)

A

to max the # of orgs in the tanks at a given moment

27
Q

what are the 4 stages of micrbo pop in the tanksn

A

exponential growth

declining growth

stationary
endogenous phase (internal decay_

28
Q

what type of device is used fro secondary treatment

A

aeration tanks to inject ari and accelerate bio degredation

this is very efficient but it is also very costly

29
Q

what are the top steps of the municipal wastewater treatment plan

A

inffluent, pre treatment, primary settleing, secondary treatment (biological treat and secondary settling), effluent onto advanced

30
Q

what are the bottom steps of the municipal wastewater treatment plan

A

primary sludge from primary settling

excess sludge from secondary settling )which may be returned to the aeration tank

the sludge goes to the anaerobic digester. it can be stabilised and stored then disposed… OR the bio gas emitted can be held in a gas tank and electricity will be produced by a generator

31
Q

what is the purpose of advanced water treatment

A

to meet stringent discharge limits
to reclaim or reuse water

32
Q

what is WW reclimantion

A

the treatment of WW to resue

and aims to remove nitrogen, phos, TDS and TSS, microorgs and refractory organics (alkenes or alkanes in the water system)

33
Q

how are refractory organics removed

A

advanced oxidation processes

34
Q

what is the advanced oxidation process

A

a water purification method that removes organic materials from water through reactions using OH radicals

35
Q

what is the key component of AOP

A

OH radicals

36
Q

what are the advantages of AOP

A
37
Q

what are the 2 main sources for AOPs

A

H2O2 + UV and O3 (with water) +Uv

38
Q

what is sludge

A

the residues from wastewater in the form of liquid or semi solid that generally has a strong odour.

39
Q

what are the objective of sludge treatment

A

volume reduction (of the treated water)
safe disposal of the material
resource and reuse

40
Q

how is sludge digested

A

via anaerobic methods. in the absence of oxygen allows for the destruction of pathogens while actively removingwater/ in many cases this save energy too as oxygen does not have to be supplied constantly to sustain the micro orgs

41
Q

here is sludge disposed

A

landfills
ocean
incineration
deep weel injections

42
Q

where is treated water disposed of

A

rivers, lakes and seas

may be disposed onto land, such as lawn, crops or pastures
or possibly used as a treatment for soils or wetland

43
Q

where is treated water reused

A

in fire fighting, cleaning systems, cooling systems
aquifer recharing
growth of aquatic plants for animal consumption

EchEM (6 decks)

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