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9-10: Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

It is the study of the distribution & determinants of health-related states or events (including disease).

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2
Q

Why is this study applied in health-related events?

A

It’s application helps with the control of diseases & other health problems. They are the factors that affect health/illness of populations

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3
Q

When we are referring to the “study” of epidemiology, what are we referring to?

A

The scientific inquiry: surveillance, observation, screening, hypothesis, testing, experiment.

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4
Q

When we are referring to the “distribution” of epidemiology, what are we referring to?

A

The frequency & pattern of health events in a population.

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of distribution in the epidemiology?

A

1.) The time: when these health events are occurring
2.) Place/Space: Where health events are occurring
3.) Population: Who is affected by health events (characteristics)

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6
Q

What stage of epidemiology are we referring to when our main focus is on communicable diseases?

A

Early epidemiology

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7
Q

What stage of epidemiology are we referring to when our main focus encompasses a wide range of diseases, health behaviors & health-related events?

A

Modern epidemiology

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8
Q

What does the epidemiologic triangle consist of ?

A

1.) The host
2.) Agent
3.) Environment

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9
Q

The host within the epidemiologic triangle encompasses what factors?

A

Intrinsic factors:

Influence an individual’s exposure, susceptibility response or resistance to a causative agent.

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10
Q

The agent within the epidemiologic triangle encompasses what factors?

A

Presence of the disease:

Though mere presence of the agent is NOT always sufficient for the cause.

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11
Q

The environment within the epidemiologic triangle encompasses what factors?

A

Extrinsic factors:

Anything that affects the agent & the opportunity for exposure by which favors the surroundings & conditions external to the host causing the disease to transmit.

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12
Q

A balance of ___ & _____ would allow an equilibrium in the environment of epidemiology

A

an agent & a human host

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13
Q

What would occur if there was an imbalance of agents in the equilibrium of epidemiology? (increase in agents)

A

1.) there would be in an increase in the ability of the agent to INFECT & CAUSE disease
2.) there would be ENVIRONMENTAL changes facilitating agent spreading.

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14
Q

What would occur if there was an imbalance in the human hosts population? (increase in human hosts)

A

1.) The proportion of susceptibles in the human host would increase
2.) The environmental change alters host susceptibility

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15
Q

How is “incidence” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the instances of illness commencing/or persons falling ill during a period of time in a specified population:
- reported as a rate

e.g: number of cases of the flu during a season

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16
Q

How is “prevalence” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the total number of individuals who HAVE the condition, at a PARTICULAR time, DIVIDED by the population AT RISK of having the condition at that time.
- reported as a proportion, not a rate.

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17
Q

How is “Point prevalence” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the proportion of individuals with the CONDITION AT A SPECIFIED point in time.

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18
Q

How is “Period prevalence” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the proportion of individuals with the condition at ANY TIME during a specified time period or interval.

e.g: annual prevalence, lifetime prevalence, one-year prevalence

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19
Q

How is “morbidity” defined in epidemiology?

A

Defined as the departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or psychological well-being.

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20
Q

What are 3 ways to measure morbidity?

A

Asking:
1.) who is ill?
2.) What is the illness?
3.) How long is the duration of the illness?

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21
Q

How is “mortality” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the mortality rate: an estimate of the portion of a population that dies during a specified period

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22
Q

How is “recurrence” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the second episode of a disease occurring after the first episode was considered cured

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23
Q

How is “reinfection” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as a second infection occurring due to the SAME agent or section infection of an organ with a DIFFERENT agent or strain

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24
Q

How is “relapse” defined in epidemiology?

A

It is defined as the RETURN OF A DISEASE STATE after remission or apparent cure

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25
How is "endemic" defined in epidemiology?
It is defined as the condition that is PRESENT continually in the populations of a given geographical area
26
How is "epidemic" defined in epidemiology?
It is defined as a disease that is SUDDENTLY HIGHER than the normal incidence in a specific community or population.
27
How is "pandemic" defined in epidemiology?
Known as an epidemic over a WIDESPREAD AREA, that often crosses international boundaries. They are the agents that is able to infect humans, cause disease in humans & spread from human to human.
28
Measuring the oral health status would be conducted by which 2 main methods?
1.) Selecting the method to collect data 2.) Clinical methods
29
What are the 3 factors of interest when collecting data pertaining the oral health status of a population?
1.) Information of interest 2.) demographics 3.) Purpose of the assessment
30
What are the 2 factors of interest when utilizing clinical methods to determine the oral health status of a population?
1.) Basic screening 2.) Epidemiologic examinations
31
What are dental indexes/indices? why are they used when measuring a population's oral health status?
They are abbreviated measurements of the amount or condition of oral disease in a population
32
What are the 7 attributes of a good index?
1.) Validity 2.) Reliability 3.) Utility 4.) Sensitivity 5.) Acceptability 6.) Quantifiability 7.) Clinical significance
33
What does the "caries experience" record for dental measurements?
It records the DMFT or DMFS rating for both permanent & primary dentition.
34
What does the abbrievation DMFT/DMFS represent?
D- decayed teeth M- missing teeth (due to decay) F- filled T/S- "teeth" or "surfaces" *depending on if capital letters are used, will distinguish between both primary & permanent dentition
35
What does the "def" index measure in the caries indices?
d- decayed with no recurrent caries e- severe caries indicated for extraction (not extracted) f- filled due to caries *missing teeth are not scored, regardless of reason
36
When could we benefit from a "def" index over a "df" index?
When gathering information pertaining to the various grades of severity of carious lesions (greater sensitivity)
37
When could we benefit from a "df" index over a "def" index?
When gathering information that has control for the subjectivity of scoring severity of carious lesion (has a greater reliability) *indicated for extractions
38
What does the "df" index measure in caries indices?
d- decayed with no recurrent caries (no differentiation of severity)
39
What does the community periodontal index (CPI) evaluate?
It is a sextant evaluation by which a rapid perio status according to various grades of perio health.
40
What does the sealant index evaluate?
1.) HAS sealants, DOES NOT need sealants 2.) HAS sealants, NEEDS sealants 3.) DOES NOT HAVE sealants, DOES NOT NEED sealants 4.) DOES NOT HAVE sealants, DOES NEED sealants
41
What are the 3 types of epidemiological studies?
1.) Descriptive 2.) Hypothesis testing/analytic studies 3.) Interventional/Experimental
42
What does a descriptive study encompass?
Encompasses looking at the world WITHOUT trying to change it. *when data is often from existing information *When survey is large groups of people to collect information
43
What does a hypothesis testing/analytic study encompass?
Follows descriptive studies, but asks MORE specific questions. - it's observational, but MORE in depth. - reject or not reject the hypothesis
44
What does the intervention/experimental study encompass?
It tests the hypothesis through experimentation with some of the variables (independent vs. dependent variable) *does the intervention affect the outcomes?
45
Why is epidemiology useful? (hint: 7 points)
1.) To identify cause of disease 2.) Gives complete clinical picture of disease (mild to severe) 3.) To identify syndroms 4.) to determine efficacy of treatment 5.) To monitor health of community/population 6.) To identify at-risk groups 7.) To allow for predictions
46
What are the 2 types of epidemiological studies?
1.) Experimental/interventional studies 2.) Observational studies
47
What kind of epidemiological study does a Randomized Controlled Trial fall into? why is it used?
It is an experimental/interventional study. It is used to test efficacy of treatment or healthcare service. It. is random sorting of subjects into treatment (and control) groups
48
In an RCT, what does a single blinded study involve?
When the subject does not know which group they are in.
49
In an RCT, what does a double-blinded study involve?
When the personnel interacting with the subjects & subjects themselves don't know which group they're in.
50
In an RCT, what does a triple-blinded study involve?
When subjects, study personnel & data reviewer are all blinded.
51
What does the parallel type of RCT encompass?
Encompasses subject that is put in a specific treatment group.
52
What does the crossover type of RCT encompass?
Encompasses subjects that is in one group & later, another
53
What does the split body type of RCT encompass?
Encompasses subject's own body & acts as a control (e.g: left gets treatment, right is control)
54
What does the cluster type of RCT encompass?
Encompasses groups (specific schools) are selected to have treatment (or not)
55
What are considerations to rule out when conducting an RCT?
1.) Ethics 2.) Drop out 3.) Difficulty studying rate events 4.) Difficulty studying outcomes in the distant future 5.) Is the population actually representative?
56
What does a community trial study encompass?
It encompasses a group as a whole that studies & compares a similar community.
57
What are the steps necessary to a community trial?
1.) select 2 communities that are similar as possible 2.) Obtain community assent for participation 3.) Survey to assess incidence of disease or risk factor 4.) Intervention 5.) Stop intervention & survey again
58
What encompasses a case control study?
It used to compare a group with the disease & a group without (control)
59
What is the meaning of a retrospective study? (case control study)
It is when we are looking at date before it was collected (like health hx's & drawing a conclusion)
60
What are the advantages of a case control study?
1.) quick 2.) Inexpensive 3.) Can evaluate several factors at once 4.) Good for rare conditions where a large cohort can't be examined
61
Why can a case control study be a disadvantage?
- Because it may have selection bias. - We also cannot prove causation, only relation. - may have recall bias
62
How is cohort study used?
Used when people with a certain condition or are exposed to a specific factor are compared with controls over time. *can be prospective or retrospective
63
What is the meaning of prospective in a cohort study?
It is the collection of date in to the future.
64
What are the advantages of cohort studies?
1.) They can reveal temporal relationships between factor & disease. 2.) They can use primary or secondary data.
65
What are the disadvantages of cohort studies?
1.) Lacks randomization 2.) Less control compared to RCT 3.) Expensive & time consuming (but less so than RCT) 4.) Selection bias 5.) Dropout rates
66
What is surveillance & why is it needed?
It is the systematic & continuous collection, analysis & interpretation of data to know what actions are needed to be taken.
67
How is surveillance distinguished from monitoring?
Surveillance is continuous & ongoing Monitoring is more intermittent or episodic
68
What are the 5 functions of surveillance?
1.) Collection of data 2.) Integration 3.) Analysis & interpretation 4.) Surveillance products 5.) Dissemination
69
What does passive surveillance encompass?
When the criteria is established for reporting diseases, risk factors or health related events. *Health practitioners are notified of the requirements & they report events as they come to their attention. e.g: needle stick injury
70
What does active surveillance encompass?
It is the criteria established for reporting disease, risk factors or health related events, but those maintaining the surveillance system initiate reporting -> when something unusual occurs to the populations.

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