8th Grade Review Flashcards
1
Q
Anything that has mass and takes up space?
A
matter
2
Q
All matter is made up of tiny particles called?
A
atoms
3
Q
Pure substances make up of only one kind of atom?
A
element
4
Q
Two or more elements chemically combined?
A
compound
5
Q
Two or more substances physically combined?
A
mixture
6
Q
What are the three main phased of matter?
A
solid, liquid, gas
7
Q
Matter with no shape or volume?
A
gas
8
Q
Matter with volume and no shape?
A
liquid
9
Q
Matter with shape and volume?
A
solid
10
Q
What is the name for the matter found in the stars that acts as a superheated gas?
A
plasma
11
Q
What element is found in all organic compounds?
A
carbon
12
Q
Identify each characteristic as an acid, base, or neutral.
- pH of 0-6.9 ____
- pH of 7____
- pH of 8-14____
- Tastes Bitter____
- Tastes Sour____
- Turns litmus paper red_____
- Turns litmus paper blue____
- Starts with a H+_____
- Ends with a OH- ____
A
- pH of 0-6.9 ACID
- pH of 7NEUTRAL
- pH of 8-14BASE
- Tastes BitterBASE
- Tastes SourACID
- Turns litmus paper redACID
- Turns litmus paper blueBASE
- Starts with a H+ACID
- Ends with a OH- BASE
13
Q
What is formed when an acid reacts with a base?
A
salt and water
14
Q
What kind of properties are shape, density, solubility, odor, melting point, boiling point, and color (properties can be observed or measured)?
A
physical properties
15
Q
What kind of properties are acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity (properties related to reactions)?
A
chemical properties
16
Q
Which scientist proved the atom existed?
A
Dalton
17
Q
Which scientist discovered the electron?
A
Thomson
18
Q
Which scientist discovered the center of the atom?
A
Rutherford
19
Q
Which scientist stated that electrons orbited the nucleus?
A
Bohr
20
Q
What is the name for the modern 3D model of the atom?
A
electron cloud model
21
Q
What is the center of the atom called?
A
nucleus
22
Q
What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus?
A
proton
23
Q
What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus?
A
neutron
24
Q
What is the negatively charged particle outside of the nucleus?
A
electron
25
What are particles that make up the protons, and neutrons?
quarks
26
What makes every element on the Periodic Table different?
Number of protons (atomic #)
27
What determines the arrangement of the elements on the Periodic Table?
number of protons (atomic #)
28
What are the 18 columns on the Periodic Table called?
Groups
29
What are the 7 rows on the Periodic Table called?
Periods
30
Elements in the same family have similar properties/characteristics What else do they normally have in common that has a major effect on chemical bonding?
Valence electrons
31
How are all of the elements on the right side of the staircase plus Hydrogen classified?
nonmetals
32
How are all of the elements on the left side of the staircase plus Aluminum classified?
metals
33
How are all of the elements on the staircase except Aluminum classified?
metalloids
34
What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons?
covalent bond
35
What type of bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal?
ionic bond
36
What is an atom that gains or loses electrons called?
ion
37
What is an atom that gains or loses neutrons called?
isotope
38
What tells you the number of atoms in a chemical bond?
subscript
39
What are changes in size, shape, or phase called?
physical changes
40
What are changes that produce new substances and energy?
chemical changes
41
What law states the total mass in a reaction remains the same plus energy only changes forms during a reaction and is never created or destroyed?
Law of Conservation of Mass and Energy
42
What is a reaction that absorbs energy called?
endothermic reaction
43
What is a reaction that releases energy called?
exothermic reaction
44
What type of nuclear reaction is the result of a nucleus splitting?
fission
45
What type of nuclear reaction is the result of two nuclei combining?
fusion
46
Nuclear energy changes a small amount of matter into a large supple of energy. What is the biggest problem with nuclear energy?
storage of nuclear waste
47
What is the ability to do work?
energy
48
What is stored energy or the energy of position called?
potential energy
49
What is the energy of motion called?
kinetic energy
50
Fire and friction are examples of __?
thermal (heat) energy
51
The Sun and some power plants are examples of __?
nuclear energy
52
Food, fuel, batteries, and plants are examples of ___?
chemical energy
53
Simple machines, wind, water, and sound are examples of __?
mechanical energy
54
Circuits, lightening, and solar cells are examples of __?
electrical energy
55
What kind of energy is visible light?
radiant energy
56
What is some energy always lost as during an energy transformation?
thermal energy
57
What energy transformation takes place in photosynthesis?
radiant > chemical
58
What energy transformation takes place in a flashlight?
chemical > electrical > radiant
59
What is the transfer of thermal energy between substances of different temperatures called?
heat
60
What increases when thermal energy is added to a substance?
temperature
61
What does temperature measure in a substance?
kinetic energy
62
What is the name for the temperature when all molecular activity stops - No kinetic energy?
Absolute Zero (0 Kelvin)
63
What is the SI Unit for temperature?
Celcius
64
What temperature scale is used to measure absolute zero?
Kelvins
65
(True/False) During a phase change (freezing, melting, condensing, evaporating, boiling, and vaporizing) the temperature does NOT change.
TRUE
66
Identify the heat transfer by contact; ex. burning your hand on the stove.
conduction
67
Identify the heat transfer by fluids; ex. warm water rises while it boils on the stove.
convection
68
Identify the heat transfer through outer space; ex. the sun's rays.
radiation
69
How do the particles in a substance move when it is heated?
faster and farther apart
70
How do the particles in a substance move when it is cooled?
slower and closer together
71
How are sound waves produced?
vibrations
72
What travels faster sound or light?
light
73
What happens to the speed of sound if the temperature or the density increases?
speed of sound increases
74
Sound cannot travel without what?
matter (a medium)
75
Does sound travel faster in the air or water?
water
76
What type of wave is a sound wave?
compression (longitudinal)
77
What part of a sound wave is the wave pressed together?
compression
78
What part of a sound wave is the wave spread apart?
rarefaction
79
What is the distance from like points on a wave called?
wavelength
80
What term describes how often the waves pass by?
frequency
81
What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
As wavelength increases, frequency decreases.
82
What property results in a sound wave bouncing and allows echolocation, SONAR, ultrasound, and sonograms to function?
reflection
83
What is the term far an object vibrating at its own natural frequency (like a tuning fork)?
resonance
84
What is it called when two waves interact (overlap) and combine?
interference
85
Frequency determines __________ whereas amplitude determines ______________.
```
pitch
intensity (loudness)
```
86
What type of wave is a light wave?
transverse
87
Does light travel faster in the air or water?
air
88
What is the term for a light wave bending as it changes speeds (light does this as it moves from air to water)?
refraction
89
What is the term for a wave bending around an obstacle?
diffraction
90
What are the first three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?
Radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves
91
What are the final three parts of the electromagnetic spectrum?
UV rays (ultraviolet), X-rays, gamma rays
92
What properties change as you move across the spectrum and create the different types of light waves?
wavelength decreases and frequency increases
93
Which part of the spectrum has the longest wavelength, lowest frequency, and least energy?
radio waves
94
Which part of the spectrum has the shortest wavelength, highest frequency, and highest energy?
gamma rays
95
Which type of mirror produces a smaller, upright image?
concave mirror
96
Which type of mirror can produce both an upright and inverted image?
convex mirror
97
Lenses always refract light. What is light always refracted towards?
the thickest part of the lens
98
transparent
clear image
99
translucent
fuzzy image
100
opaque
no image
101
What determines the color of an object?
color of light reflected
102
What is the relationship between the angle on incidence and the angle of reflection?
they are equal
103
What is the distance an object travels in a given time (distance divided by time)?
speed
104
What measures both speed and direction?
velocity
105
What is the change in velocity over time?
acceleration
106
What are the three ways to accelerate?
speed up, slow down, or change direction
107
Why is an object constantly accelerating if it is traveling in a circular motion?
it is always changing direction
108
What is the amount of matter in an object?
mass
109
Contrast mass and weight.
mass is determined by matter
| weight is determined by gravity
110
Newton's First Law of Motion
an object in motion will stay in motion and an object at rest will stay at rest until an outside force is applied (Law of Inertia).
111
Newton's Second Law of Motion
Force = Mass X Acceleration
112
Newton's Third Law of Motion
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction (rocket fires its engines downward to lift off).
113
What is the force of gravity pulling down on an object?
weight
114
What is the name for a push or pull?
force
115
What is the unit of force?
Newton
116
What are the two conditions needed for work?
force and motion
117
Why is Mechanical Efficiency always less than 100% (work output less than work input)
friction (thermal energy)
118
What type of simple machine is a ramp or screw?
inclined plane
119
What type of simple machine is used to operate a flag pole?
pulley
120
What type of simple machine are a rake, scissors, and a see-saw?
lever
121
What type of simple machine always contains a fulcrum?
lever
122
What is the formula for speed?
speed = d/t
123
What is the formula for force?
force = ma
124
What is the formula for work?
work = fd
125
What is the formula for power?
power = (fd)/t
126
What unit is used to measure speed?
km/h or m/s
127
What unit is used to measure acceleration?
km/h/s or m/s(squared)
128
What unit is used to measure velocity?
km/h due west
129
What does the flow of electrons create?
electric current
130
What is any force that opposes an electric current?
resistance
131
What is the buildup of electric charges called?
static electricity
132
What is a circuit with only one path called?
series circuit
133
What is a circuit with more than one path called?
parallel circuit
134
Which circuit will not work if there is one break in the circuit?
series circuit
135
What is a current that flows back and forth?
alternating current
136
What is a current that flows in one direction?
direct current
137
What is the energy of the current measured in?
voltage
138
What are substances that allow electricity to flow called (most metals)?
conductors
139
What are substances that do not allow electricity to flow called (rubber, plastic, glass)?
insulators
140
What do we call diodes, transmitters, and other substances that can control the flow of electricity in circuits?
semiconductors
141
(True/False) Electric currents and magnetic fields can be used to create each other.
True
142
What is an example of electricity creating magnetism and magnetism creating electricity?
electric motors
| generators
143
What are the two ways you can strengthen an electromagnet if the battery is kept the same?
bigger metal rods, more coils around the rod
144
What is created when domains align in certain metals?
magnetism
145
What to opposite charges or poles do?
attract
146
What do like charges or poles do?
repel
147
Where is a magnet the strongest?
at the poles
148
What are 3 ways that electricity and magnetism are related?
they both have fields
they both have the same rules of attraction
they can create each other
149
Power is measured in __.
watts
150
Voltage is measured in __.
volts
151
Current is measured in __.
amps
152
Electrical energy used is measured in __.
kWh
